Boundary of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line
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Chapter 1•Statistics:The term statistics refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing,summarizing, and interpreting information.oStatistics are used to organize and summarize the information so that the researchercan see what happened in the research study and can communicate the results toothers.oStatistics help the researcher to answer the questions that initiated the research bydetermining exactly what general conclusions are justified based on the specific resultsthat were obtained.•Population: The set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.•Sample: A set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent thepopulation in a research study.•Variable: A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for differentindividuals.•Data:(plural) Measurements or observations.•Data set: A collection of measurements or observations.•Datum(singular): A single measurement or observation and is commonly calledascoreorraw score.•Parameter:A value—usually a numerical value—that describes a population. A parameter isusually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.•Statistic: A value—usually a numerical value—that describes a sample. A statistic is usually Show
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Terms in this set (63)producers those who produce data ( those who know a lot about statistical tools' limitations) consumers producers have to know a lot about this group (us) inferential statistics statistical techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected parameter a researcher is curious about the average age of drivers in the city of Columbus. If he obtains a database of every driver in the city and calculates the average, this is an example of a
If we were looking at the average IQ of all Americans by looking at a sample of 50 people, ... because of sampling error, the average may be greater than or less than the average for the population statistical methods are classified into these 2 categories 1. descriptive 2 students, Lauren and Mary, are studying the average age at death of females in the town of Mobile, Alabama in the year 2011. Lauren claims that the set of records represents the population for their study. Mary claims that it is only a sample. Who is correct and why? Lauren is correct. The study is only about female deaths in Mobile during 2011. A population is the set of all individuals of interest in a particular study A research study is comparing salaries for recent college graduates in Spain vs France reports that graduates in France earn more than those in Spain. What research design did they use nonexperimental: does not have control or experimental groups A scientist is studying the effect of temperature on the ability of a plant to grow. She places four plants in environments of four different temperatures. All plants are given the same amount of water and light each day. She measures the height of each plant at the end of a month. Which describes the independent variable room temperature: variable that is being manipulated by the researcher A scientist is studying the effect of temperature on the ability of a plant to grow. She places four plants in environments of four different temperatures. All plants are given the same amount of water and light each day. She measures the height of each plant at the end of a month. Which describes the dependent variable plant heights: variable that is being observed by researcher in what kind of study will you find a quasi-independent variable? nonexperimental studies: the quasi independent variable is used to create different groups of scores what is not required for a proper experiment quasi-independent variable what is required for an experiment? two variables: control and experimental condition John and Aaron are looking at a series of quiz scores. The quiz is a short quiz on which students could score 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 points. John claims that the quiz score is a discrete variable and Aaron claims that it is a continuous variable. Who is correct? John is correct b/c there is a finite number of scores with no possible values in between those scores discrete variable consists of separate, indivisible categories, where no values can exist between 2 neighboring categories discrete variable a researcher studies the factors that determine the number of cars owned by American families. The variable, number of cars, is an example of... when measuring weights to the nearest half ounce, what are the real limits for a score of 23 ounces? 22.75 and 23.25: the real limit separating 2 adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between scores. Since the possible scores for rounding to the nearest half inch include 22.5, 23, and 23.5, the lower real limit for 23 is (22.5 +23)/2= 22.75 and the upper limit is 23 +23.5)/2= 23.25. true or false: all interval scales are ratio scales false true or false: all nominal scales are ratio scales false true or false: all ratio scales are nominal scales false true or false: all ratio scales are interval scales true operational definitions of shyness 1. number of people interacted with over the course of a day what are the value of n and ∑X for the following scores: 3, 3, 4, 6? n=4 and ∑X=16 What is the correct order for calculating ∑(X-1)^2 subtract 1 from every term, square the result of each subtraction, and then add the squares (order of operations) what is equivalent to ∑(X-1)^2 X^2 + 2∑X + ∑1 for which situation is n = ∑X? when values of X are all 1 Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effect of caffeine on memory among Americans. A sample of 100 individuals is given a list of 20 words to look at and remember over the course of 24 hours. What is the correct notation? n=100 statistics refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information population set of all individuals of interest in a particular study sample set of individuals from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study raw score (datum is singular) datum is referred to as a raw score data set collection of measurements or observations data measurements or observations parameter a value- usually a numerical value- that describes a population. It is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in he population statistic numerical value that describes a sample. Is usually derived from measurements of individuals in the sample descriptive statistics statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data inferential statistics consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected sampling error naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter constructs internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior operational definition identifies a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct. 2 components of an operational definition: 1. describes set of operations for measuring a construct discrete variable consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between 2 neighboring categories continuous variable there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values.It is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts real limits boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. The real limit separating 2 adjacent scores in located exactly halfway between the scores. Each score has 2 real limits. The upper real limit is at the top of the interval, and the lower limit is at the bottom lower real limit limit at the bottom of the interval upper real limit limit at the top of the interval
nominal scale consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on this scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations ordinal scale consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude. interval scale consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size.Equal differences in numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. The 0 point on an interval scale is aribtrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured ratio scale a ratio scale is an interval scale with additional feature that a score of 0 indicates none of the variable being measured. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers reflect ratios of magnitude descriptive research or descriptive research strategy involves measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual correlation method two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them experimental method one variable is manipulated, while the other is being measured. To establish a cause- and - effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results independent variable variable that is being manipulated. In behavioral research, the independent variable usually consists of the 2 or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed. It is manipulated prior to observing the dependent variable dependent variable observed to assess the effect of the treatment control condition individuals do not receive the experimental treatment. They receive no treatment or receive a placebo treatment. The purpose of a control condition is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition. experimental condition individuals receive treatment quasi-independent variable in a nonexperimental study, the independent variable that is used to create the different groups of scores variable characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals example of nominal scale gender, hair color (mutually exclusive), do not have any numerical significance example of ordinal difference between ok and unhappy on a questionairre about how you feel today, they are non-numerical (use median or mode) example of interval scales difference between 60 and 50 degrees is 10 degrees, time example of ratio scale height, weight Students also viewedChapter 1 exam review21 terms abby_marie_greene Chapter 3 review20 terms Harla_Sidhu PSY 211 chap 219 terms hawra_ahmad7 Chapter 1 PSY 230 - Quiz 120 terms savannhwillis Sets found in the same folderChapter 3 review20 terms Harla_Sidhu Chapter 131 terms jakemick Psych 300 Ch. 419 terms porcelainprincess Chapter 7 Distribution of Sample Means29 terms Only_F_in_the_chat Other sets by this creatorFinal Exam Vocabulary35 terms heartkindergarten Week 5 discussion post8 terms heartkindergarten Week 3 discussion5 terms heartkindergarten Week 2 discussion post10 terms heartkindergarten Verified questionspsychology The nearly 1-in-100 odds of any person being diagnosed with schizophrenia become about 1 in 10 among those a. who also suffer anxiety disorder. b. whose sibling or parent has the disorder. c. who have been diagnosed with depression. d. who live with someone diagnosed with schizophrenia. e. whose identical twin has schizophrenia. Verified answer psychology Describe two ways in which cognitive ability declines during adulthood. Name one factor that can slow the decline. Verified answer
psychology Which of the following is true of boys compared with girls? a. Boys have a higher average intelligence score. b. Boys are better spellers than girls. c. Boys are better at detecting emotions. d. Boys are more verbally fluent. e. Boys are more likely to have extremely low intelligence scores. Verified answer psychology People with obsessive-compulsive disorder may report feeling less anxious after they clean, which muses them to want to clean again the next time they feel anxious. This demonstrates the principle of a. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. c. punishment. d. spontaneous recovery. e. reinforcement. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsMyers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions
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Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications6th EditionJeffrey S. Nevid 792 solutions Other Quizlet setsNeurophyiology BRS36 terms Miss_JessthePA Quiz 1 31546 terms sgp22202PLUS Ch. 13 - Skin Hair and Nails14 terms alexpagara Anatomy Compilation200 terms me2849 Which type of variables require boundaries called real limits in their scales of measurement?To define the units for a continuous variable, a researcher must use real limits which are boundaries located exactly half-way between adjacent categories.
What does each interval of the scale represent?An interval scale is one where there is order and the difference between two values is meaningful. Examples of interval variables include: temperature (Farenheit), temperature (Celcius), pH, SAT score (200-800), credit score (300-850).
Is scale an interval or ratio?The difference between interval and ratio scales comes from their ability to dip below zero. Interval scales hold no true zero and can represent values below zero. For example, you can measure temperature below 0 degrees Celsius, such as -10 degrees. Ratio variables, on the other hand, never fall below zero.
What statistical procedure organizes scores in rank order and groups them?Descriptive statistics are procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores or observations.
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