Reasons for the potential spread of avian influenza include which of the following?
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Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is an infectious disease in birds caused by type A of the influenza virus. Show Domestic poultry, including chickens and turkey, are particularly vulnerable to this rapidly fatal influenza. They become infected with the avian flu virus through direct contact with an infected bird’s saliva, nasal secretions, and excreta or through contact with contaminated surfaces (such as cages) or materials (such as water or feed).  Birds infected by this type A influenza virus have a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease resulting in severe epidemics, which are characterised by sudden onset, severe illness and rapid death. Influenza A viruses can also occur in humans. There have been confirmed cases of human infection from avian flu since 1997. This transmission from birds to human resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated with secretion/excretions from infected birds. Bird Flu Causes and Risk FactorsInfluenza A (H5N1) virus, also called H5N1 virus, is a subtype of the influenza A virus that mainly affects birds and is deadly to them. However, infections with the H5N1 virus have occurred in humans. The primary mode of transmission in human cases of avian influenza virus infection is from bird to human through direct or close contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces. To date, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has stated that there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission. Bird Flu Signs and SymptomsSymptoms of avian influenza in humans are typical human influenza-like symptoms, such as: •Fever •Cough •Sore throat •Severe muscle ache •Weakness Bird Flu ComplicationsComplications resulting from human infection caused by avian influenza include: •Eye infections •Acute respiratory distress •Severe infection that can lead to death Bird Flu TreatmentAntiviral drugs are effective for both prevention and treatment against influenza A virus strains in otherwise healthy people. Bird Flu PreventionIf you intend to travel to countries with cases of avian influenza, you should adopt the following good hygiene practices to minimise your risk of acquiring the disease: •Avoid contact with live poultry and birds, especially for children. •Avoid crowded areas and stay in places with good ventilation. •Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live poultry and birds, and after coughing and sneezing. •Build up a strong immunity system in your body. Start by having a regular exercise regime and a well-balanced diet that includes two servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits daily. Make sure to get adequate rest, reduce your stress levels and do not smoke. Currently, there is no vaccine for bird flu. Note that the vaccine for normal influenza does not give protection against bird flu. Situation at a glance Public health authorities in Spain reported the detection of influenza A(H5N1) in two poultry workers on a single farm, following an outbreak in poultry confirmed on 20 September. Given the potential impact on public health, a multisector response including measures for control, prevention, and early detection was initiated in the poultry
farm. The detection of influenza A(H5N1) in these individuals was likely due to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments. No evidence of human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H5N1) virus in this event has been identified to date. Description of the case On 27 September 2022, the Ministry of Public Health of Spain notified WHO of a case of influenza A(H5N1) in an individual working at a poultry farm in the province of Guadalajara. An outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) in poultry had been confirmed on the farm on 20 September. Nasopharyngeal samples were subsequently collected from all 12 farm workers on 23 September and influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected in a sample from one of the workers (a 19-year-old male) on 27 September. He remained in isolation until 28 September when a second sample tested negative by RT-PCR. On 28 September, samples from one close contact of the case were collected, which tested negative for avian influenza by RT-PCR. Following response measures on the farm, all workers were tested again on 13 October. Influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected in a nasopharyngeal sample from another worker (a 27-year-old male involved in the control measures including cleaning and disinfection whilst wearing personal protection equipment) on 13 October. He had initially tested negative during the first round of testing on 23 September. He remained in isolation until 22 October when a second sample tested negative by RT-PCR. Two close contacts of his were identified and tested negative on respiratory sampling. Both cases did not have any symptoms. Samples were tested using RT-PCR at the National Microbiology Center. Epidemiology of disease Zoonotic influenza infections in humans may range from asymptomatic or mild upper respiratory infection (fever and cough) to rapid progression to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock and even death. Human cases of infection with avian influenza viruses are usually the result of direct or indirect exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments. From 2003 to 21 October 2022, a total of 868 human cases of infection with influenza A(H5N1), including these two cases, and 456 deaths have been reported globally from 21 countries. A total of three human cases of infection with influenza A (H5N1), one case from the United Kingdom in 2021 and two cases from Spain in 2022 have been reported in Europe to date. Public health response
WHO risk assessmentIndividuals are at risk of becoming infected with avian influenza viruses if they are exposed to infected birds or virus-contaminated fomites or environments. Whenever avian influenza viruses are circulating in poultry, there is a risk for sporadic infection and small clusters of human cases due to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments. Therefore, sporadic human cases are not unexpected. The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for a better assessment of the risk of human infection. There was no evidence of human-to-human transmission in this event. In the current outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) on a poultry farm in Spain, both human and animal health agencies have implemented public health measures. Based on the available information, WHO assesses that the risk for the general population posed by this virus is low, and for occupationally exposed persons, it is low to moderate. WHO adviceThe reports of these two influenza A (H5N1) cases do not change the current WHO recommendations on public health measures and surveillance of influenza. WHO does not advise special traveler screening at points of entry or restrictions with regard to the current situation of influenza viruses at the human-animal interface. Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect and monitor virological, epidemiological, and clinical changes associated with emerging or circulating influenza viruses that may affect human (or animal) health and timely virus sharing for risk assessment. When avian influenza viruses are circulating in an area, people involved in high-risk tasks such as sampling sick birds, culling, and disposing of infected birds, eggs, litters and cleaning of contaminated premises should be trained in the proper use of and provided with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). All persons involved in these tasks should be registered and monitored closely by local health authorities for seven days following the last day of contact with poultry or their environments. In the case of a confirmed or suspected human infection caused by a novel influenza virus with pandemic potential, including a variant virus, a thorough epidemiologic investigation (even while awaiting the confirmatory laboratory results) of history of exposure to animals, of travel, and contact tracing should be conducted. The epidemiological investigation should include early identification of unusual respiratory events that could signal person-to-person transmission of the novel virus and clinical samples collected from the time and place that the case occurred should be tested and sent to a WHO Collaboration Centre for further characterization. Currently, there is no vaccine to protect against avian influenza in humans. WHO recommends that all people involved in work with poultry or birds should have a seasonal influenza vaccination to reduce the theoretical risk of a reassortment event. Travelers to countries with known outbreaks of animal influenza should avoid farms, contact with animals in live animal markets, entering areas where animals may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with animal faeces. General precautions include regular hand washing and good food safety and food hygiene practices. Should infected individuals from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during travel or after arrival. If this were to occur, further community-level spread is considered unlikely as this virus has not acquired the ability to transmit easily among humans. All human infections caused by a novel influenza subtype are notifiable under the International Health Regulations (IHR) and State Parties to the IHR (2005) are required to immediately notify WHO of any laboratory-confirmed case of a recent human infection caused by an influenza A virus with the potential to cause a pandemic. Evidence of illness is not required for this report. Further information
Citable reference: World Health Organization (3 November 2022). Disease Outbreak News; Avian Influenza A (H5N1) – Spain. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420 What causes avian flu to spread?Bird flu is spread by close contact with an infected bird (dead or alive). This includes: touching infected birds. touching droppings or bedding.
What is the main route for the spread of influenza?Person to Person. People with flu can spread it to others. Most experts think that flu viruses spread mainly by droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby (usually within about 6 feet away) or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.
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