Pronouns and possessive determiners là gì năm 2024

C� lẽ phương tiện th�ng dụng nhất để diễn tả số lượng l� d�ng số. Ta sẽ quan s�t chữ số d�ng l�m determiner trong phần sau đ�y:

Cardinal numeral adjectives

Chữ số l� determiners khi ch�ng xuất hiện trước một danh từ. Trong vị tr� n�y, cardinal numeral (số nguy�n thể hiện số lượng) diễn tả số lượng

one book two books twenty books

Ordinal numeral adjectives

Cũng c�ng ở vị tr� đ�, ordinal numeral (số thứ tự) diễn tả thứ tự:

first impressions second chance third prize

General ordinals

Lớp dưới của ordinal bao gồm những chữ kh�ng trực tiếp li�n hệ với số lượng (như FIRST li�n hệ với ONE, SECOND li�n hệ với TWO, v�n v�n..). Những chữ n�y gọi l� GENERAL ORDINALS, v� ch�ng bao gồm LAST, LATTER, NEXT, PREVIOUS v� SUBSEQUENT

next week last orders previous engagement subsequent developments

Khi ch�ng kh�ng đứng trước danh từ như ch�ng ta đ� thấy, numerals l� một lớp dưới của danh từ. Cũng giống như danh từ, n� c� thể d�ng determiner the two of us the first of many

Thậm ch� ch�ng c� những determiner đứng trước ch�ng:

five twos are ten

Trong v� dụ n�y, TWOS l� DANH TỪ SỐ NHIỀU v� determiner FIVE của n� ở trước n�

Pronouns and Determiners

C� sự tr�ng nhau quan trọng giữa DETERMINER CLASS v� DETERMINER SUBCLASS của PRONOUN (�ại từ, l� từ d�ng thay thế cho danh dừ). Nhiều chữ c� thể d�ng cho cả hai

Pronoun Determiner This is a very boring book This book is very boring That's an excellent film That film is excellent

Như bảng n�y cho ta thấy, determiners thường đứng trước danh từ, nhưng pronouns độc lập hơn. Nhiệm vụ của ch�ng giống như danh từ, v� c� thể được thay thế bởi danh từ như những c�u dưới đ�y:

This is a very boring book ~Ivanhoe is a very boring book That's an excellent film ~Witness is an excellent film

Mặt kh�c, khi những chữ n�y l� determiners, ch�ng kh�ng được thay thế bởi danh từ

(những chữ c� gắn * l� kh�ng đ�ng)

This book is very boring ~*Ivanhoe book is very boring That film is excellent ~*Witness film is excellent

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (đại danh từ; I, you, he, v�n v�n) kh�ng thể l� determiners. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS cũng vậy (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). Tuy nhi�n, những pronouns phải c� h�nh d�ng tương đương với determiners

Possessive Pronoun Determiner The white car is mine My car is white Yours is the blue coat Your coat is blue The car in the garage is his/hers His/her car is in the garage David's house is big, but ours is bigger Our house is bigger than David's Theirs is the house on the left Their house is on the left

Definite articles v� indefinite articles kh�ng bao giờ l� pronouns. Ch�ng lu�n lu�n l� determiners.

Thứ tự của determiners

Determiners được thấy trước nouns, ch�ng chỉ cho biết danh từ l� loại g�. T�y thuộc v�o thứ tự tương đối của ch�ng trước một danh từ, ta ph�n biệt 3 loại determiners:

Predeterminer Central Determiner Postdeterminer Noun

I met

all my many

friends

Một c�u như thế n�y thường �t khi d�ng bời v� hiếm khi cả ba determiners được lắp v� trong c�ng một c�u. Th�ng thường, chỉ m�t hay hai vị tr� được lắp v�.

Predeterminers (pre = trước)

Predeterminers định r� số lượng cho danh từ theo sau ch�ng v� c� 3 loại quan trọng:

1. "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times: (Nh�n)

twice my salary double my salary ten times my salary 2. Ph�n số half my salary one-third my salary 3. The words all and both: all my salary both my salaries

Predeterminers thường kh�ng diễn đạt chung được

*all half my salary

Central Determiners (central = giữa, trung t�m)

Definite article the v� indefinite article a/an l� những central determiners th�ng dụng nhất

all the book half a chapter

Như nhiều th� dụ trước đ�y của ta đ� cho biết, chữ MY c� thể chiếm vị tr� central determiner. Possessive (sở hữu từ) pronouns v� possessive determiners cũng vậy

all your money all his/her money all our money all their money

Demonstratives (chỉ định từ) cũng vậy , l� central determiners.

all these problems twice that size four times this amount

Postdeterminers (post = sau)

Cardinal v� ordinal numerals chiếm vị tr� postdeterminer the two children his fourth birthday General ordinals cũng vậy (tức l� ở vị tr� cuối) my next project our last meeting your previous remark her subsequent letter

Những chữ chỉ số lượng kh�c cũng l� postdeterminers:

my many friends our several achievements the few friends that I have Kh�ng như predeterminers, postdeterminers c� thể d�ng chung: my next two projects several other people Nouns are often preceded by the words the, a, or an. These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference which the noun has. The determiner the is known as the DEFINITE Singular Plural the taxi the taxis the paper the papers the apple the apples

ARTICLE. It is used before both singular and plural nouns: The determiner a (or an, when the following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular:

any taxi that question those apples this paper some apple whatever taxi whichever taxi

Perhaps the most common way to express quantity is to use a numeral. We look at numerals as determiners in the next section

Numerals and Determiners

Numerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity:

one book two books twenty books In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence:

first impressions second chance third prize

The subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to numbers (as first is related to one, second is related to two, etc). These are called general ordinals, and they include last, latter, next, previous, and subsequent. These words also function as determiners:

next week last orders previous engagement subsequent developments

When they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners:

the two of us the first of many They can even have numerals as determiners before them: five twos are ten In this example, twos is a plural noun and it has the determiner five before it

Pronouns and Determiners

There is considerable overlap between the determiner class and the subclass of pronouns. Many words can be both: Pronoun Determiner This is a very boring book This book is very boring That's an excellent film That film is excellent

As this table shows, determiners always come before a noun, but pronouns are more independent than this. They function in much the same way as nouns, and they can be replaced by nouns in the sentences above:

This is a very boring book ~Ivanhoe is a very boring book That's an excellent film ~Witness is an excellent film

On the other hand, when these words are determiners, they cannot be replaced by nouns:

This book is very boring ~*Ivanhoe book is very boring That film is excellent ~*Witness film is excellent

The personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) cannot be determiners. This is also true of the possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). However, these pronouns do have corresponding forms which are determiners:

Possessive Pronoun Determiner The white car is mine My car is white Yours is the blue coat Your coat is blue The car in the garage is his/hers His/her car is in the garage David's house is big, but ours is bigger Our house is bigger than David's Theirs is the house on the left Their house is on the left

The definite and the indefinite articles can never be pronouns. They are always determiners

Definite articles v� indefinite articles kh�ng bao giờ l� pronouns. Ch�ng lu�n lu�n l� determiners.

The Ordering of Determiners

Determiners occur before nouns, and they indicate the kind of reference which the nouns have. Depending on their relative position before a noun, we distinguish three classes of determiners

Predeterminer Central Determiner Postdeterminer Noun

I met

all my many

friends

A sentence like this is somewhat unusual, because it is rare for all three determiner slots to be filled in the same sentence. Generally, only one or two slots are filled.