Pause filler là gì

For other uses, see Filler [disambiguation].

In linguistics, a filler, filled pause, hesitation marker or planner is a sound or word that participants in a conversation use to signal that they are pausing to think but are not finished speaking.[1][2] [These are not to be confused with placeholder names, such as thingamajig, whatchamacallit, whosawhatsa and whats'isface, which refer to objects or people whose names are temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, or unknown.] Fillers fall into the category of formulaic language, and different languages have different characteristic filler sounds. The term filler also has a separate use in the syntactic description of wh-movement constructions.

Every conversation involves turn-taking, which means that whenever someone wants to speak and hears a pause, they do so. Pauses are commonly used to indicate that someone's turn has ended, which can create confusion when someone has not finished a thought but has paused to form a thought; in order to prevent this confusion, they will use a filler word such as um, er, or uh.[1][3] The use of a filler word indicates that the other person should continue listening instead of speaking.[4]

Filler words generally contain little to no lexical content, but instead provide clues to the listener about how they should interpret what the speaker has said.[5] The actual words that people use may change [such as the increasing use of like], but the meaning and reason why people use them does not change.[6]

In American English, the most common filler sounds are ah or uh /ʌ/ and um /ʌm/ [er /ɜː/ and erm /ɜːm/ in British English].[7] Among younger speakers, the fillers "like",[8] "you know", "I mean", "okay", "so", "actually", "basically", and "right?" are among the more prevalent.[citation needed] Christopher Hitchens described the use of the word "like" as a discourse marker or vocalized pause as a particularly prominent example of the "Californianization of American youth-speak",[9] and its further recent spread throughout other English dialects via the mass-media.

• In Afrikaans, ah, um, and uh are common fillers [um, and uh being in common with English].
• In American Sign Language, UM can be signed with open-8 held at chin, palm in, eyebrows down [similar to FAVORITE]; or bilateral symmetric bent-V, palm out, repeated axial rotation of wrist [similar to QUOTE].
• In Arabic, يعني yaʿni ["means"] and وﷲ wallāh[i] ["by God"] are common fillers. In Moroccan Arabic, زعمة z3ma ["like"] is a common filler, as well as ewa [so].[10][11] In Iraqi Arabic, shisma ["what's its name"] is a filler.[12]
• In Armenian, բան ["thing"], Միգուցե, ["maybe"], էլի ["c'mon"] and ոնց որ ["as if"] are common fillers.*
• In Bengali, ইয়ে [yay and thuri ["..er..that is"] are common fillers.
• In Bislama, ah is the common filler.
• In Bulgarian, common fillers are ъ [uh], амии [amii, 'well'], тъй [tui, 'so'], така [taka, 'thus'], добре [dobre, 'well'], такова [takova, 'this'] and значи [znachi, 'it means'], нали [nali, 'right'].
• In Cantonese, speakers often say 即係 zik1 hai6 ["that is to say"; "meaning"] and 噉 gam2 ["so; then"] as fillers.
• In Catalan, eh /ə/, doncs ["so"], llavors ["therefore"], o sigui ["it means"], saps? ["you know"?] and diguem-ne ["say"] are common fillers.
• In Croatian, the words ovaj [literally "this one", but the meaning is lost] and dakle ["so"], and znači ["meaning", "it means"] are frequent.
• In Czech, fillers are called slovní vata, meaning "word cotton/padding", or parasitické výrazy, meaning "parasitic expressions". The most frequent fillers are čili, tak or takže ["so"], prostě ["simply"], jako ["like"].
• In Danish, øh is one of the most common fillers.
• In Dhivehi, aney, mee, ehkala, dhen and alhey [“aww”] are some common fillers.
• In Dutch, ehm, and dus ["thus"] are some of the more common fillers. Also eigenlijk ["actually"], zo ["so"], allez ["come on"] and zeg maar ["so to say"] in Netherlandic Dutch, nou ["well"] or [a]wel ["well"] in Belgian Dutch, weet je? ["you know?"] etc.
• In Esperanto, do ["therefore"] is the most common filler.
• In Estonian, nii ["so"] is one of the most common fillers.
• In Filipino, ah, eh, ay, and ano ["what"], parang ["like"], diba? ["isn't it right?"], ayun ["that's"] are the most common fillers.
• In Finnish, niinku ["like"], tuota, and öö are the most common fillers. Swearing is also used as a filler often, especially among youth. The most common swear word for that is vittu, which is a word for female genitalia.
• In French, euh /ø/ is most common; other words used as fillers include quoi ["what"], bah, ben ["well"], tu vois ["you see"], t'vois c'que j'veux dire? ["you see what I mean?"], tu sais, t'sais ["you know"], eh bien [roughly "well", as in "Well, I'm not sure"], and du coup [roughly "suddenly"]. Outside France other expressions are t'sais veux dire? ["y'know what I mean?"; Québec], or allez une fois ["go one time"; especially in Brussels, not in Wallonia]. Additional filler words used by youngsters include genre ["kind"], comme ["like"], and style ["style"; "kind"].
• In German, traditional filler words include äh /ɛː/, hm, so /zoː/, tja, halt, and eigentlich ["actually"]. So-called modal particles share some of the features of filler words, but they actually modify the sentence meaning.
• In Greek, ε [e], εμ [em], λοιπόν [lipon, "so"] and καλά [kala, "good"] are common fillers.
• In Hebrew, אֶה‎ [eh] is the most common filler. אֶם‎ [em] is also quite common. Millennials and the younger Generation X speakers commonly use כאילו‎ [ke'ilu, the Hebrew version of "like"]. Additional filler words include זתומרת‎ [zt'omeret, short for זאת אומרת‎ zot omeret "that means"], אז‎ [az, "so"] and בקיצור‎ [bekitsur, "in short"]. Use of fillers of Arabic origin such as יענו‎ [yaʿanu, a mispronunciation of the Arabic يعني, yaʿani] is also common.
• In Hindi, मतलब [matlab, "it means"], क्या कहते हैं [kya kehte hain, "what do you say"], वो ना [woh na, "that"] and ऐसा है। [aisā hai, "what it is"] are some word fillers. Sound fillers include हूँ [hoon, [ɦuːm̩]], अ [a, [ə]],आ [aa, [äː]].
• In Hungarian, filler sound is ő, common filler words include hát, nos [well...] and asszongya [a variant of azt mondja, which means "it says here..."]. Among intellectuals, ha úgy tetszik [if you like] is used as filler.
• In Icelandic, a common filler is hérna ["here"]. Þúst, a contraction of þú veist ["you know"], is popular among younger speakers.
• In Indonesian, anu and apa sih are among the most common fillers.
• In Irish, abair /ˈabˠəɾʲ/ ["say"], bhoil /wɛlʲ/ ["well"], and era /ˈɛɾˠə/ are common fillers, along with emm as in Hiberno-English.
• In Italian, common fillers include ehm ["um", "uh"], allora ["well then", "so"], tipo ["like"], ecco ["there"], cioè ["actually", "that is to say", "rather"], and be' ["well", "so"; most likely a shortening of bene or ebbene, which are themselves often used as filler words].
• In Japanese, common fillers include ええと [ēto, or "um"], あの [ano, literally "that over there", used as "um"], ま [ma, or "well"], そう [sō, used as "hmmm"], and ええ [ē, a surprise reaction, with tone and duration indicating positive/negative].
• In Kannada, matte for "also", enappa andre for "the matter is" are common fillers.
• In Korean, 응 [eung], 어 [eo], 그 [geu], and 음 [eum] are commonly used as fillers.
• In Kyrgyz, анан [anan, "then", "so"], баягы [bayağı, "that"], жанагы [janağı, "that"], ушуреки [uşureki, "this"], эме [eme, "um"], are common fillers.
• In Lithuanian, nu, am, žinai ["you know"], ta prasme ["meaning"], tipo ["like"] are some of common fillers.
• In Malay, speakers often use words and phrases such as apa nama [literally, "what name"] or itu ["that"] as common fillers.
• In Malayalam, അതായതു [athayathu, "that means..."] and ennu vechaal ["then..."] are common.
• In Maltese and Maltese English, mela ["then"], or just la, is a common filler.
• In Mandarin Chinese, speakers often say 那個; 那个 [pronounced nàge/nèige]. Other common fillers are 就; jiù; 'just' and 好像; hǎoxiàng; 'as if/kind of like'.
• In Mongolian, одоо [odoo, "now"] and нөгөө [nögöö, "that"] are common fillers.
• In Nepali, माने [maane, "meaning"], चैने [chaine], चैं [chai], हैन [haina, "No?"] are commonly used as fillers.
• In Norwegian, common fillers are eh, altso/altså, på ein måte / på en måte ["in away"], berre/bare ["just"] ikkje sant / ikke sant [literally "not true?", meaning "don't you agree?", "right?", "no kidding" or "exactly"]l, vel ["well"], liksom ["like"] and er det ["is it", "it is"]. In Bergen, sant ["true"] is often used instead of ikkje/ikke sant. In the region of Trøndelag, /ʃø/[13] [comes from skjønner du which means "you see/understand]", "as you can see/understand"] is also a common filler.
• In Persian, ببین [bebin, "you see"], چیز [chiz, "thing"], and مثلا [masalan, "for instance"] are commonly used filler words. As well as in Arabic and Urdu, يعني [yaʿni, "I mean"] is also used in Persian. Also, اه eh is a common filler in Persian.
• In Portuguese, é, hum, então ["so"], tipo ["like"] and bem ["well"] are the most common fillers.
• In Polish, the most common filler sound is yyy /ɨ/ and also eee /ɛ/ [both like English um] and while common, its use is frowned upon. Other examples include, no /nɔ/ [like English well], wiesz /vjeʂ/ ["you know"].
• In Punjabi, مطلب [मतलब, mat̤lab, "it means"] is a common filler.
• In Romanian, deci /detʃʲ/ ["therefore"] is common, especially in school, and ă /ə/ is also very common [can be lengthened according to the pause in speech, rendered in writing as ăăă], whereas păi /pəj/ is widely used by almost anyone. A modern filler has gained popularity among the youths – gen /dʒɛn/, analogous to the English "like", literally translated as "type".
• In Russian, fillers are called слова-паразиты [slova-parazity, "parasite words"]; the most common are э-э [è-è, "eh"], вот [vot, "here it is"], это [èto, "this"], того [togo, "that kind, sort of"], [ну] такое [[nu] takoye, "some kind [of this]"], ну [nu, "well, so"], значит [značit, "I mean, kind of, like"], так [tak, "so"], как его [kak ego, "what's it [called]"], типа [tipa, "kinda"], как бы [kak by, "[just] like, sort of"], and понимаешь? [ponimayesh, "understand?, you know, you see"].
• In Serbian, значи [znači, "means"], па [pa, "so"], мислим [mislim, "i think"] and овај [ovaj, "this"] are common fillers.
• In Slovak, oné ["that"], tento ["this"], proste ["simply"], or akože ["it's like..."] are used as fillers. The Hungarian izé [or izí in its Slovak pronunciation] can also be heard, especially in parts of the country with a large Hungarian population. Ta is a filler typical of Eastern Slovak and one of the most parodied features.
• In Slovene, pač ["indeed", "just", "merely"], a ne? ["right?"], no ["well"], v bistvu ["in fact"], and pravzaprav ["actually"] are some of the most common fillers.
• In Spanish, fillers are called muletillas. Some of the most common in American Spanish are e, em, este [roughly equivalent to uhm, literally means "this"], and o sea [roughly equivalent to "I mean", literally means "or be it"].[14] In Spain the previous fillers are also used, but ¿Vale? ["right?"] and ¿no? are very common too. and occasionally pues ["well"] is used. Younger speakers there often use en plan [meaning "as", "like" or "in [noun] mode"]. The Argentine filler word che became the nickname of rebel Ernesto "Che" Guevara, by virtue of his frequent use of it. Other possible filled pauses in Spanish are: a, am, bueno, como, and others.[15]
• In Swedish, fillers are called utfyllnadsord; some of the most common are öhm or öh, ja ["yes"], ehm or eh [for example eh jag vet inte] or ba [comes from bara, which means "only"], asså or alltså ["therefore", "thus"], va [comes from vad, which means "what"], and liksom and typ [both similar to the English "like"].
• In Tamil, paatheenga-na ["if you see..."] and apparam ["then..."] are common.
• In Telugu, ఇక్కడ ఏంటంటే [ikkada entante, "what's here is..."] and తర్వాత [tarwatha, "then..."] are common and there are numerous like this.
• In Turkish, yani ["meaning..."], şey ["thing"], işte ["that is"], and falan ["as such", "so on"] are common fillers.
• In Ukrainian, е [e, similar to "um"], ну [nu, "well"], і [i, "and"], цей [tsey, "this"], той-во [toy-vo, "this one"] are common fillers.
• In Urdu, یعنی [yani, "meaning..."], فلانا فلانا [flana flana, "this and that" or "blah blah"], ہاں ہاں [haan haan, "yeah yeah"] and اچھا [acha, "ok"] are also common fillers.
• In Vietnamese [Tiếng Việt], "ơ" or "à" [surprise]; "ý là" [I mean]; ...
• In Welsh [Cymraeg], 'dê or yndê, from onid e — ‘Is it not so?’ — is used as a filler, and in a similar way, especially in southern dialects t'mod and ch'mod [abbreviations of rwyt ti'n gwybod and rydych chi'n gwybod — the singular and plural/respectful forms of ‘you know’] along with t'wel[d] and ch'wel[d] [abbreviations of rwyt ti'n gweld and rydych chi'n gweld — ‘you see’]; 'lly [from felly — ‘so/such/like/in that way’, used in northern dialects] ; iawn [‘alright/right’] is used as a filler at the beginning, middle or end of sentences ; o'r gorau — used loosely to mean ‘alright’ ; ’na ni, an abbreviation of dyna ni — ‘there we are’; ym… and y… are used similarly to the English ‘um…’ and ‘uh…’.

Main article: Wh-movement

The linguistic term "filler" has another, unrelated use in syntactic terminology. It refers to the pre-posed element that fills in the "gap" in a wh-movement construction. Wh-movement is said to create a long-distance or unbounded "filler-gap dependency". In the following example, there is an object gap associated with the transitive verb saw, and the filler is the wh-phrase how many angels: "I don't care [how many angels] she told you she saw."

• Interjection
• Like: as a discourse particle
• Phatic expression
• So [word]
• Speech disfluency

1. ^ a b Juan, Stephen [2010]. "Why do we say 'um', 'er', or 'ah' when we hesitate in speaking?"
2. ^ Tottie, Gunnel [2016]. "Planning what to say: Uh and um among the pragmatic markers". In Kaltenbock, Gunther; Keizer, Evelien; Lohmann, Arne [eds.]. Outside the Clause: Form and Function of Extra-Clausal Constituents. pp. 97–122.
3. ^ Crible, L; Pascual, E [2020]. "Combinations of discourse markers with repairs and repetitions in English, French and Spanish". Journal of Pragmatics: 156, 54–67.
4. ^ Curzan, A; Adams, M [2014]. How English works: A linguistic introduction. Pearson. pp. 253–256. ISBN 978-0205032280.
5. ^ Ph. D., Rhetoric and English; M. A., Modern English and American Literature; B. A., English. "Um, Is This, You Know, a Filler Word?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
6. ^ "Why you say 'um' 'like' and 'you know?' so much". The Independent. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
7. ^ BORTFELD & al. [2001]. "Disfluency Rates in Conversation: Effects of Age, Relationship, Topic, Role, and Gender" [PDF]. Language and Speech. 44 [2]: 123–147. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.8339. doi:10.1177/00238309010440020101. PMID 11575901. S2CID 10985337.
8. ^ Winterman, Denise [2010-09-28]. "It's, like, so common". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
9. ^ Hitchens, Christopher. "Christopher Hitchens on 'Like'". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
10. ^ "yanni". UniLang. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
11. ^ "Egyptian Arabic Dialect Course". Egyptianarabiccourse.blogspot.com. 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
12. ^ Parkinson, Dilworth B.; Farwaneh, Samira [January 2003]. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XV. ISBN 9027247595. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
13. ^ "X Trøndersk - NTNU". www.ntnu.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
14. ^ Erichsen, Gerald. "Filler Words and Vocal Pauses". Spanish.about.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
15. ^ Erker, Daniel; Bruso, Joanna [2017-07-25]. "Uh, bueno, em … : Filled pauses as a site of contact-induced change in Boston Spanish". Language Variation and Change. 29 [2]: 205–244. doi:10.1017/S0954394517000102. ISSN 0954-3945.

• Why do people say "um" and "er" when hesitating in their speech?, New Scientist, May 6, 1995 [subscription required]
• Lotozo, Eils [September 4, 2002]. "The way teens talk, like, serves a purpose". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 13, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008. Citing Siegel, Muffy E. A. [2002]. "Like: The Discourse Particle and Semantics". Journal of Semantics. 19 [1]: 35–71. doi:10.1093/jos/19.1.35.
• Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan, editors. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders. Typological Studies in Language 93, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2010. Review