Which of the following Linux directories is the location of files that dictates access between hardware and the operating system?
In software, it’s essential to monitor logs of system activities. Today we’ll unravel what Linux logs are and how you can view them. Show
Logging is a must for today’s developers and why Retrace was designed with a built-in, centralized log management tool. Retrace collects all your log data for streamlined monitoring and insights and includes all the features you need in a log management tool – log tailing, full-text searching, structured logging, monitoring, alerting and error tracking functionalities for a seamless experience. And like all Stackify by Netreo solutions, Retrace works out-of-the-box with your stack, including Linux, Azure, MySQL, Windows, AWS, Oracle, MongoDB and more. Retrace is built to do the heavy lifting for you, but it’s still important to understand Linux logs, how to view them and which logs are most important to your work. This mini-guide provides all the need-to-know essentials for you in an easily digestible format, so it won’t take up your entire lunch break to read – promise! A Definition of Linux LogsLinux logs provide a timeline of events for the Linux operating system, applications and system and are a valuable troubleshooting tool when you encounter issues. When issues arise, analyzing log files is the first thing an administrator needs to do. For desktop app-specific issues, log files are written to different locations. Where a desktop application writes logs depends on the developer and whether or not the app allows for custom log configuration. Chrome, for example, writes crash reports to ‘~/.chrome/Crash Reports’. Linux log files are stored in plain-text and can be found in the /var/log directory and subdirectory. There are Linux logs for everything: system, kernel, package managers, boot processes, Xorg, Apache, MySQL, etc. In this article, we will focus specifically on Linux system logs. First things first, you can change to this directory using the cd command. You also need to be the root user to view or access log files on Linux or Unix-like operating systems. How to View Linux LogsLike any other OS, you can use certain commands to see Linux log files. Linux logs will display with the command cd/var/log. Then, you can type ls to see the logs stored under this directory. One of the most important logs to view is the syslog, which logs everything but auth-related messages. Issue the command var/log/syslog to view everything under the syslog. Zooming in on a specific issue will take a while, since these files tend to be long. You can use Shift+G to get to the end of the file, denoted by “END.” You can also view logs via dmesg, which prints the kernel ring buffer and sends you to the end of the file. From there, you can use the command dmesg | less to scroll through the output. If you want to view log entries for the user facility, you need to issue the command dmesg –facility=user. Lastly, you can use the tail command to view log files. It’s a handy tool that only shows the last part of the logs, where problems usually lie. For this, use the command tail /var/log/syslog or tail -f /var/log/syslog. tail will continue watching the log file and print out the next line written to the file. This allows you to follow what is written to syslog as it happens. Check out 20 ways to tail a log file post. For a specific number of lines (example, the last 5 lines), key in tail -f -n 5 /var/log/syslog, which prints the most recent 5 lines. Once a new line comes, the old one gets removed. To escape the tail command, press Ctrl+X. Most Important Linux LogsWe can group most directories into one of four categories:
Monitoring every log is a monumental task and one reason we included centralized log management when we created Retrace. Log monitoring and management is essential for all developers, but the logs that you monitor will depend on your goals or other variables. There is some consensus about the most critical, must-monitor logs. Critical, Must Monitor Logs
Sample OutputWhat does the output look like? Here’s an example of a Crontab edited by root log: And here’s a case of Syslogd on Ubuntu (exiting and restarting): Dec 19 07:35:21 localhost exiting on signal 15 Dec 19 16:49:31 localhost syslogd 1.4.1#17ubuntu3: restart.And system shutdown from the Linux kernel: Jun 1 22:20:05 secserv kernel: Kernel logging (proc) stopped. Jun 1 22:20:05 secserv kernel: Kernel log daemon terminating. Jun 1 22:20:06 secserv exiting on signal 15 Nov 27 08:05:57 galileo kernel: Kernel logging (proc) stopped. Nov 27 08:05:57 galileo kernel: Kernel log daemon terminating. Nov 27 08:05:57 galileo exiting on signal 15A few other directories and their uses include:
Understanding the usefulness and limitations of Linux logging is important for any professional working with them. To tie together all your system logging, use Retrace, which helps track system performance and centralizes all your logs. You can also try Netreo’s free code profiler, Prefix, to write better code faster, every time! Additional Resources and Tutorials on Linux Logs
Which of the following refers to a piece of software a tool or a technique that targets or takes advantage of a vulnerability?An exploit is a code that takes advantage of a software vulnerability or security flaw. It is written either by security researchers as a proof-of-concept threat or by malicious actors for use in their operations.
Which of the following is a general term for software that is inherently hostile intrusive or annoying in its operation?Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. The expression is a general term used by computer professionals to mean a variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code.
Which of the following database protection methods provides extra protection?Process isolation provides extra protection against catastrophic failure of a system by ensuring that one process crashing will not take others with it. Firewalls provide very little protection to a database server.
Which Facebook protection practice enables you to friend work associates with whom you feel uncomfortable sharing personal information?Which Facebook protection practice enables you to "friend" work associates with whom you feel uncomfortable sharing personal information? Show "limited friends" a cutdown version of your profile.
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