A favorite of whale watchers everywhere nghĩa là gì năm 2024

According to the passage, which of the following is true of humpback whales?

Music can bring us to tears or to our feet, drive us into battle or lull us to sleep. Music is indeed remarkable in its power over all humankind, and perhaps for that very reason, no human culture on earth has ever lived without it. From discoveries made in France and Slovenia, even Neanderthal man, as long as 53,000 years ago, had developed surprisingly

sophisticated

, sweet-sounding flutes carved from animal bones. It is perhaps then, no accident that music should strike such a chord with the limbic system – an ancient part of our brain, evolutionarily speaking, and one that we share with much of the animal kingdom. Some researchers even propose that music came into this world long before the human race ever did. For example, the fact that whale and human music have so much in common even though our evolutionary paths have not intersected for nearly 60 million years suggests that music may predate humans. They assert that rather than being the inventors of music, we are latecomers to the musical scene. Humpback whale composers employ many of the same tricks that human songwriters do. In addition to using similar rhythms, humpbacks keep musical phrases to a few seconds, creating themes out of several phrases before singing the next one. Whale songs in general are no longer than symphony movements, perhaps because they have a similar attention span. Even though

they

can sing over a range of seven octaves, the whales typically sing in key, spreading adjacent notes no farther apart than a scale. They mix percussive and pure tones in pretty much the same ratios as human composers – and follow their ABA form, in which a theme is presented, elaborated on and then revisited in a slightly modified form. Perhaps most amazing, humpback whale songs include repeating

refrains

that rhyme. It has been suggested that whales might use rhymes for exactly the same reasons that we do: as devices to help them remember. Whale songs can also be rather catchy. When a few humpbacks from the Indian Ocean strayed into the Pacific, some of the whales they met there quickly changed their tunes – singing the new whales’ songs within three short years. Some scientists are even tempted to speculate that a universal music awaits discovery.

According to the passage, which of the following is true of humpback whales?

they do not use rhyme, unlike humans.

their tunes are distinctively different from human tunes.

whale songs of a particular group cannot be learned by other whales.

Ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 THPT năm học 2020-2021 - Đặng Hiệp Giang (Chủ biên) được biên soạn dưới dạng file PDF cho các bạn tham khảo, ôn tập và chuẩn bị thật tốt cho kỳ thi sắp tới. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

A favorite of whale watchers everywhere nghĩa là gì năm 2024

ĐẶNG HIỆP GIANG (CHỦ BIÊN)

ÔN LUYỆN THI VÀO LỚP 10 THPT

MÔN TIẾNG ANH

NĂM HỌC 2020 – 2021

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Các thây cô giáo và các em học sinh thân mên!

Nhằm chuân bị cho các em học sinh tham dự kì thi tuyên vào lóp 10 trung học phổ thông năm học

2020 - 2021, chúng tôi biên soạn cuốn sách “Ôn luyện thi vào lớp 10 THPT năm học 2020 - 2021

môn Tiếng Anh”. Cuốn sách được biên soạn bởi các tác giả là các thầy cô giáo có nhiều kinh nghiệm

trong công tác tuyển sinh, ôn luyện thi vào lóp 10 THPT.

Nội dung cuốn sách bám sát chương trình Tiếng Anh THCS, đáp ứng yêu cầu của Phương án tổ

chức kì thi tuyển sinh vào lớp 10 THPT năm học 2020 - 2021, đề mẫu và đề tham khảo do Sở Giáo

dục và Đào tạo

Hà Nội ban hành. Cuôn sách được câu trúc thành các phân như sau:

- Phần thứ nhất: Giúp học sinh ôn tập các kiến thức, kĩ năng cơ bản cần nắm vững

đồng thời làm quen với các dạng câu hởi, bài tập sẽ có trong bài thi.

- Phần thứ hai: Giới thiệu một sô đê luyện tập cho kì thi tuyên vào lóp 10 THPT môn

Tiếng Anh. Các đề thi được soạn theo đề minh hoạ của Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo Hà Nội.

- Phân thứ ba: Đưa ra các đáp án gợi ý cho phân luyện tập.

Để sử dụng tài liệu đạt hiệu quả cao, các thầy cô giáo hướng dẫn các em tìm hiểu kĩ phần thứ nhất,

ôn tập kiến thức cơ bản và rèn luyện các bài tập được cung cấp. Sau khi nắm vững các nội dung ôn

tập, học sinh luyện tập và thử sức thông qua các đề luyện tập được biên soạn bám sát đề thi minh hoạ ở

phần thứ hai.

Cuốn sách là tài liệu tham khảo rất cần thiết và bổ ích đối với các em học sinh, đáp ứng nhu cầu

của các em học sinh trong việc ôn luyện. Đồng thời cũng là tài liệu tham khảo giúp các thầy cô giáo

lựa chọn và định hướng cho học sinh ôn tập chuẩn bị cho kì thi tuyển sinh vào lóp 10 trung học phổ

thông.

Trong quá trình biên soạn, chắc chắn cuốn sách không tránh khỏi những sơ xuất. Các tác giả và nhà

xuất bản rất mong nhận được những góp ý của các thầy, cô giáo và các em học sinh để cuốn sách được

tốt hơn.

Trân trọng cảm ơn!

Phần thứ nhất

ÔN TẬP

A - NGỮ PHÁP

Thì hiện tại

Diễn đạt một sự thật, thói quen: dùng thì hiện tại đơn.

e.g. Dogs bark.

The sun rises in the east.

She gets up at six every morning.

Một số trạng ngữ chỉ tần suất thường được dùng trong trường hợp này như: always, frequently, usually,

often, sometimes, rarely, never.

Sự kiện theo kế hoạch, thời khóa biểu, v.v...: dùng thì hiện tại đơn.

e.g.- Can you tell me when the train to Ho Chi Minh City leaves?

- Infifteen minutes. At 7.05.

Diễn đạt một sự việc đang diễn ra/ đang trong tiến trình ở hiện tại: dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn. e.g. It is

raining heavily now.

Những trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thường dùng là: now, right now, at the moment... lưu ý hành động không

nhất thiết đang xảy ra tại đúng vào thời điểm nói:

e.g. I am working on the project of reconstructing the city.

Để phàn nàn trong hiện tại: dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn.

e.g. He s late again. He s always coming to class late.

Sự sap xếp hoặc kế hoạch cho tương lai: dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc going to. e.g. I’m taking a test

tomorrow.

I’m going to take a trip to Paris this summer.

Sự kiện bat đầu từ quá khứ và tiếp tục đến hiện tại: dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành.

e.g. I have learnt English for two years.

I have learnt English since 2005.

Các giới từ thường dùng trong trường họp này là: for (+ khoảng thời gian) và since (+ mốc thời gian).

Sự kiện trong quá khứ còn có tác động, ảnh hưởng hay có kết quả ở hiện tại: dùng thì hiện tại hoàn

thành. e.g. I haven’t seen any good films lately.

I’ve forgotten my key. I can’t unlock the door now.

Các trạng từ thường dùng: lately, recently.

e.g. - Have you ever climbed Mount Everest?

— No, I never have. But I’m sure I will, if I have a chance.

Các trạng từ thường dùng: ever, never, already, yet.

Thì tương lai

Sự kiện sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai gần (có thể là do dự đoán từ những bằng chứng hiện tại): dùng thì

tương lai gần.

e.g. Look! There are dark clouds with strong winds. Hurry up! It s going to rain in a few minutes.

Điều sẽ làm trong tương lai nhưng là một quyết định tức thời ở thời điếm nói: dùng thì tương lai đơn.

e.g. OK. I’ll buy you a coffee.

Tiên đoán sự kiện sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai: dùng thì tương lai đơn.

e.g. We don ’t think she ’ll come after all this trouble.

Sự kiện trong tương lai đứng từ góc nhìn ở một thời điểm trong quá khứ: dùng WOULD.

e.g. He said he would come on time but he didn’t keep his words.

Thì quá khứ

Sự kiện đã xảy ra trong quá khứ có thời gian xác định: dùng thì quá khứ đơn. e.g. We came here in

Sự kiện đang xảy ra trong quá khứ: dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn.

e.g. At that time, I was writing a letter.

Yesterday evening, while my mother was cooking in the kitchen, my father was watching the news on

TV.

Just as I was leaving the house, I heard an explosion from inside the lab.

Sự kiện xảy ra trước một sự kiện khác đã xác định trong quá khứ hay trước một thời điểm đã xác định

trong quá khứ: dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành.

e.g. Before going to the meeting, he had consulted with his lawyers.

Phân biệt giữa progressive (tiếp diễn) và non - progressive (không tiếp diễn)

Một số động từ không bao giờ được dùng ở thể tiếp diễn. Đó là các động từ thuộc một trong hai nhóm

- Nhóm động từ tri nhận: believe, desire, dislike, doubt, feel, guess, hate, hear, imagine,

know, like, love, mean, mind, please, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, see, smell, taste, think,

understand, want, etc. e.g. I know you ’re right.

Now I realize that I’ve made a miske.

- Nhóm động từ quan hệ: be, belong to, consist of cost, equal, fit, have, include, lack,

need, owe, own, require, seem, sound, etc.

e.g. I have a dog and two cats.

Một so động từ có the có nhiều nghĩa. Khi mang nghĩa tri nhận, động từ đó không dùng ở tiếp diễn; khi

mô tả hành động, động từ đó vẫn có thể đi với thể tiếp diễn.

e.g. I think you ’re right, (think chỉ sự tri nhận)

I’m thinking of my grandmother, who I love most in my family, (think chỉ hoạt động của tư duy)

Phân biệt thì quá khứ đơn và thì hiện tại hoàn thành

Thì quá khứ đơn và thì hiện tại hoàn thành đều được dùng để mô tả hành động đã diễn ra. Khi có điểm

thời gian xác định hay trong ngữ cảnh, người đọc/ nghe nắm được thời gian ta dùng thì quá khứ đơn.

e.g. Last holiday, my mother promised to buy my sister a piano. She was very delighted to hear this.

Câu có chứa delighted không có điểm thời gian đi kèm, nhưng qua ngữ cảnh, hành động là trong quá

khứ. e.g.- Have you been to London?

- Yes, I have. In fact, I stayed there for two years.

Ví dụ không có thời điểm chính xác của hành động, nhưng cả người nói và người nghe đều hiểu thời

điểm đó nằm trong quá khứ trong ngữ cảnh của câu.

Khi không có thời gian xác định, ta dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành.

e.g. I don 't know if we ’ve met.

Thể bị động

Thể bị động được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:

• Khi tác nhân gây nên hành động không quan trọng hay không rõ ràng.

e.g. Nothing is known about the cause yet.

• Tuân thủ mạch nội dung.

e.g. We have an old piano. It was bought by my grandmother many years ago.

• Nhấn mạnh tới đối tượng/ kết quả của hành động.

e.g. Nice picture! Yes, it was painted by my brother!

• Tác nhân gây nên hành động xuất hiện khi được coi là quan trọng và cần thiết.

e.g. Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

• Tác nhân gây nên hành động không xuất hiện khi: - người nói/ viết không biết ai (cái gì) là tác nhân.

e.g. My bike has been stolen.

- tác nhân của hành động không được coi là quan trọng. e.g. What happened to the thief? He

was caught yesterday.

- tác nhân của hành động đã quá rõ, hay được coi là đương nhiên, không cần được nhắc đến.

e.g. The thief was caught (by the police).

- tác nhân đã được nhắc đến nên không cần được nhắc lại.

e.g. Some of his paintings were made (by him) when he was seriously ill.

Động từ dùng trong thể bị động có thể đang ở trong một thời nhất định nào đó (gọi là dạng finite), hay

đang ở dưới một dạng thức chưa chia thời (non - finite). Cụ thể như sau:

• Đơn:

s + be (am/ is/ are/ was/ were) + V-ed/ V

e.g.

My brother is given a book.

The house was built in 1992.

• Tiếp diễn:

s + be (am/ is/ are/ was/ were) + being + V-ed/ V

e.g.

The patient is being examined.

The meal was being served.

• Hoàn thành:

s + have (has/ have/ had) + been + V-ed/ V

e.g.

A new bridge has been built.

When we came, the house had been emptied.

• Hoàn thành tiếp diễn (trường hợp này ít dùng dưới dạng bị động):

s + have (has/ have/ had) + been + being + V - ed/ V

e.g. The meal had been being served when we came.

• Khi động từ chính đi kèm với một động từ tình thái: s + modal verb (will/ can/ etc.) + be + V - ed/ V

e.g. The Olympic Games will be held in our country next year.

• Khi động từ cần chuyển sang bị động là một non - fìnite verb:

s + verb + to be + V - ed/ V

e.g. 1 expected to be invited to the party but I wasn’t.

Hoặc:

s + verb + being + V - ed/ V

e.g. I prefer being driven by a professional chauffeur.

Can lưu ý rang sau một số động từ như see, hear, make, ta có dạng động từ nguyên thể không TO, nhưng

khi chuyển sang bị động, ta lại dùng dạng động từ nguyên thể có TO.

e.g.j They saw a man climb in through the kitchen window.

—> A man was seen to climb in through the kitchen window.

e.g.

She made her son finish his food.

—» Her son was made to finish his food.

• Thể bị động với các động từ đa thành phần (multi - word verbs/ phrasal verbs):

Các động từ đa thành phần là động từ bao gồm một động từ và các tiểu từ đi kèm. Khi chuyển sang bị

động, các tiểu từ này đi liền với động từ.

e.g.j They turned down his proposal.

—> His proposal was turned down.

e.g., When his parents were out, a baby - sitter looked after him.

- + When his parents were out, he was looked after by a baby - sitter.

e.g.

We couldn’t put up with this noise.

—> This noise couldn’t be put up with.

• Thể bị động với động từ có hai tân ngừ:

Động từ có hai tân ngữ có công thức: S + V + O

ỉ

hoặc:

S + V + O

+ prep + O

ỉ

e.g. He gave his brother an apple.

ỉ

He gave an apple to his brother.

ỉ

Ta có hai cách chuyển câu với động từ có hai tân ngữ sang câu bị động:

\> Lấy tân ngữ gián tiếp (O

) làm chủ ngừ:

e.g. His brother was given an apple (by him).

\> Lấy tân ngừ trực tiếp (O

) làm chủ ngừ:

e.g. An apple was given to his brother (by him).

Lưu ý: cần phân biệt giừa câu với động từ có hai tân ngừ và câu với động từ chỉ có một tân ngữ nhưng

có thêm một bố ngữ của tân ngừ. Dưới đây là một ví dụ dạng câu này.

e.g

: He made his brother a good student.

Od Co

Phân biệt với câu

e.g

: He gave his brother an apple

Trong ví dụ 1, ta có thể hiêu “his brother” trở thành “a good student” thông qua hành động của “He”.

Trong ví dụ 2, “his brother” có “an apple” thông qua hành động của “He”.

Nếu như ví dụ 2 có hai tân ngữ (“his brother” và “an apple”) và cả hai đều có thê làm chú ngừ trong câu

bị động, thì ví dụ 1 chỉ có 1 tân ngừ (“his brother”) và do đó câu chỉ có thể chuyển sang bị động bằng 1 cách

duy nhất:

His brother was made a good student.

Ta không thể có câu:

* A good student was made his brother.

• Thể bị động với mệnh đề THAT - clause\ Ta hãy thử đổi câu sau sang thể bị động.

People say that he has gone to Australia.

Câu có dạng: s (People) + V (say) + o (that he has gone to Australia). Theo như cách chuyển đổi sang bị

động thông thường, câu bị động sẽ là:

That he has gone to Australia is said.

Nhưng câu trên có chủ ngừ không cân đối về mặt độ dài với những thành phần khác của câu, nên chủ ngừ

That he has gone to Australia được chuyển về cuối câu, và lấy đại từ IT làm chủ ngữ giả. Kết quả cuối cùng

ta có:

It is said that he has gone to Australia.

Ví dụ khác:

Everyone believes that he is the richest man in the world. —

\> It is believed that he is the richest man in the world.

• The bị động với cấu trúc nguyên thể:

Cấu trúc câu với THAT - clause trên cũng có thể được chuyển sang bị động dưới dạng nguyên thể. Cách

làm như sau:

e.g. They believe he is the richest man in the world.

Chúng ta lấy chủ ngừ là “he”, chia động từ “believe” ở thế bị động (“is believed”), phần còn lại trong

mệnh đề THAT đặt dưới dạng to - infinỉtive. Kết quả là ta có:

He is believed to be the richest man in the world.

Lưu ý rang khi động từ trong hai mệnh đề chính và phụ chia cùng một thì, ta dùng dạng infinitive. Trong

trường hợp dưới đây, khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước hành động trong

mệnh đề chính, ta dùng perfect infinitive.

People say that he has gone to Australia.

Trong khi mệnh đề chính động tò chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, mệnh đề phụ có động từ ở thì hiện tại hoàn

thành (chênh về mặt thời gian so với hành động ở mệnh đề chính). Do đó câu bị động sẽ là:

He is said to have gone to Australia.

• Thể bị động với cấu trúc sai khiến:

Cấu trúc sai khiến:

s + have + sb + V - bare infinitive + sth hoặc:

5 + get + sb + to V - infinitive + sth

có dạng bị động tương ứng của nó là:

s + have/ get + sth + V - ed/ V

+ (by agent) e.g. I had a doctor check my health.

I had my health checked (by a doctor).

I got a mechanic to check my car.

I got my car checked (by a mechanic).

7. Câu điều kiện

Trong chương trình trung học cơ sở các em được học hai loại câu điều kiện sau:

Câu điều kiện loại 1 \> Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

present simple tense will/ can (may, etc.) + verb/ imperative

e.g. If we don ’t leave now, we will miss the train.

If he comes, please tell him to wait for me.

Ø Cách dùng:

- Điều kiện có khả năng xảy ra trong tương lai hoặc hiện tại.

e.g. If he comes, please tell him to wait for me.

- Có khả năng xảy ra nếu điều kiện đưa ra được đáp ứng.

e.g. If we don ’t leave now, we will miss the train.

Với cách dùng này, ta có thể thay will bằng một số động từ tình thái như can, may, v.v...

e.g. If you try your best, you can win the prize.

- Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 còn là lời yêu cầu, ra lệnh. e.g. If he comes, please tell him

to wait for me.

Câu điều kiện loại 2 Ø

Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

past subjunctive/ past tense would/ could/ might + verb

e.g. You would feel healthier if you did more exercise.

If I were you, I 'd come to the party.

If they were here, I would not say anything.

Ø Cách dùng:

- Đưa ra giả định cho hiện tại.

e.g. Ifl were you, I’d come to the party.

- Đưa ra giả thiết về một tình huống không thể xảy ra.

e.g. If I became the president of the us, I would take you as my personal assistant.

Các loại câu điều kiện khác

Câu điều kiện loại 0 Ø

Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

present simple present simple

e.g. If you put a paper on a fire, it burns quickly.

Ø Cách dùng:

- Đây là loại câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên các sự thật về mặt khoa học. e.g. If water

boils, steam rises.

- Câu điều kiện loại 0 còn được dùng để chỉ đến những sự kiện mà kết quả của nó luôn

luôn đúng. e.g. If Mike reads on the train, he often feels sick.

Câu điều kiện loại 3 Ø

Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

past perfect would/ could/ might + have + past participle

e.g. If you had taken my advice, you would not have been in such trouble.

Ø Cách dùng:

- Đưa giả thiết trái với những gì đã diễn ra trong quá khứ.

e.g. If you had taken my advice, you wotdd not have been in such trouble. -

Đưa giả thiết trái với những gì được cho là đúng trong quá khứ.

e.g. I don ’t think Tom has come. If he had come, he ’d have left a message.

Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện

Trong văn viết trang trọng, để nhấn mạnh hoặc tạo hiệu ứng ngôn ngữ, mệnh đề điều kiện không dùng từ IF

mà thay vào đó là cấu trúc đảo ngừ. Mệnh đề chính vẫn giữ nguyên cấu trúC. Mệnh đề đảo ngữ chỉ điều kiện

đứng ở đầu câu, mệnh đề chính đứng sau mệnh đề đảo ngừ. Công thức và cách dùng cụ thể của câu đảo ngữ

chỉ điều kiện như sau: Loại 1

Ø Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

(Không có tù’ IF)

Should + s + V

will/ can (may, etc.) + verb /

imperative

e.g. Should you require any further information, do please get in touch with me personally. Loại

Ø Công thức:

If - clause Main clause

(Không có từ IF)

WERE + S

would/ could/ might, etC. + verb

Để dựng được câu đảo ngữ loại này, mệnh đề điều kiện cần phải có từ WERE.

e.g. Câu điều kiện không đảo ngữ:

If it were not for your support, I would be very discouraged.

Câu đảo ngữ:

Were it not for your support, I would be very discouraged.

Trong trường hợp câu không có WERE, ta cần phải thêm WERE TO trước động từ và chuyển động từ chính

về nguyên thể trong mệnh đề điều kiện để câu có thể đảo ngữ.

e.g. Câu điều kiện không đảo ngữ:

If you came to the meeting, you would know whether I am right or not.

Thêm WERE TO vào mệnh đề điều kiện:

If you were to come to the meeting, you would know whether I am right or not.

Câu đảo ngừ:

Were you to come to the meeting, you would know whether I am right or not. Loại

3 và loại hỗn hợp

If - clause Main clause

(Không có từ IF)

HAD + s + Past participle

would/ could/ might + have + V - ed/ V

(loại 3)

would/ could/ might, etC. + verb (loại hỗn họp)

Loại 3 và loại hỗn hợp cùng có mệnh đề điều kiện được đảo bằng cách đưa HAD lên đầu câu.

e.g. Had he been here yesterday, he would have met his wife.

Had he not eaten too much, he wouldn’t feel ill now.

Một số cấu trúc có liên quan đến câu điều kiện

Ø But for: Câu có chứa But for được dùng với ý nghĩa như câu điều kiện loại 2 hay loại 3. Câu có cấu

trúc như sau:

Condition Main clause

But for + danh

tù’

would/ could/ might, etC. + verb (loại 2) would/

could/ might + have + V - ed/ V

(loại 3)

Nghĩa của cụm từ But for. Neu không nhờ có...., nếu không vì.... (tưong đưong với câu trúc: If it were not

for.../If it had not been for...)

e.g.j But for your helicopter, I would not be here on time.

—> If it were not for your helicopter, I would not be here on time.

e.g.

But for your support, I would not have won the election.

—> If it had not been for your support, I would not have won the election.

Ø Unless: CÓ the thay If... not bang Unless.

e.g. Come tomorrow if I don’t phone.

—> Come tomorrow unless I phone.

Ø In case: In case có một so nét nghĩa giống If Sự khác biệt giừa In case và Ifìầ như sau:

In case được dùng để nói đến sự phòng bị cho sự kiện có thê sẽ xảy ra, không được dùng.

e.g. You should insure your house in case there’s a fire.

If và in case có thể được dùng như nhau trong ví dụ sau:

You should telephone 114 if there’s a fire.

Ø Provided that, providing that, as/ so long as, on condition that: Một số từ như provided that (miễn

là), providing that (miễn là), as/ so long as (chừng nào mà), on condition that (với điều kiện là) được

dùng thay cho //'khi người nói muốn nêu điều kiện.

eg. As long as you return my book, I will lend you another.

I will let you use my bike provided that you promise to return it to me on time.

Câu trần thuật

Câu trần thuật là việc tường thuật lại lời của một ai đó. Để có thể truyền đạt đúng nội dung ỷ nghĩa và thậm

chí là cảm xúc của người nói lời trực tiếp, người tường thuật thường phải thay đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, thời

của động từ, và các cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. Dưới đây là các thay đổi giữa lời nói trực tiếp và lời

nói gián tiếp. Đại từ nhân xưng được chuyển theo nguyên tắc sau:

Trực tiếp Trần thuật

I Ø He/She We Ø They

e.g.

He said, “I’ve forgotten my address. ”

—> He said that he had forgotten his address.

e.g.

He said, “We ’ll do it right away. ”

—> He said that they would do it right away.

You Ø They/ We/ He/ She/ I

Phù hợp với ngữ cảnh

e.g

He said to them, “You are late again. ” —

\>He told them that they were late again.

e.g.

He said to us, “You will be successful. ” —

\> He told us that we would be successful.

They \=> They

He \=> He

She \=> She

e.g

He said, “They never arrive on time. ”

—> He said that they never arrived on time.

e.g.

He said, “He is waiting downstairs. ”

—> He said that he was waiting downstairs.

* Các tính từ và đại từ sở hữu cũng được đổi tương ứng.

Khi trần thuật, động từ được lùi một thì về quá khứ. Cụ thể như sau:

trực tiếp trần thuật

Present Past

e.g.

She said, “I am your new teacher. ” —> She said that she was their new

teacher.

“I’m waiting for Mike, ” he s a id.

—> He said that he was waiting for Mike.

e.g.

“I have found a car, ” he said.

—> He said that he had found a car. e.g.

She said, “We ’vé been waiting

for ages. ”

—> She said that they had been waiting for ages.

Past Past Perfect

e.g.

“I took it home with me, ” she said. —> She said that she had taken it

home with her.

e.g.

She said, “They were thinking of selling the house but they have decided

not to. ”

—> She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but they had

decided not to.

Future Future in the Past

e.g.

She said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday. ” —

\> She said that she would be in Paris on Monday. e.g.

He said, “I will be using the car. ”

—> He said that he would be using the car.

First Condition Condition in the Past

e.g. They said, “If the bus is late again, they will take a taxi to work. ”

—> They said that if the bus was late again, they would take a taxi to work.

Lưu ý:

- Khi lời nói trực tiếp sử dụng quá khứ đơn đi kèm với mốc thời gian cố định hay mô tả sự kiện không

thay đồi thì khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp, không chuyển quá khứ đơn sang quá khứ hoàn thành.

e.g.

My teacher said, “The Second World War ended in 1945. ” —>

My teacher said that the Second World War ended in 1945.

e.g.

She said, “Idecided not to buy the house because it was on the main road”.

—> She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on the main road.

- Quá khứ tiếp diễn trong lời nói trực tiếp được chuyến sang quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn trong lời nói

gián tiếp khi diễn tả một hành động đà hoàn thành. Neu chưa hoàn thành, quá khứ tiếp diễn trong lời nói trực

tiếp vẫn giữ nguyên ở lời nói gián tiếp.

e.g. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing football. ” —

\> He said that when he saw them, they were playing football.

- Quá khứ hoàn thành không thay đôi trong lời nói trần thuật.

e.g. She said, “They had driven five kilometers. ” —

\> She said they had driven five kilometers.

- Câu điều kiện loại 1 chuyển sang quá khứ (không phải sang điều kiện loại 2) khi chuyển sang lời nói

gián tiếp.

e.g. He said, “ru be happy if she is here in an hour. ”

—> He said that he would be happy if she was there in an hour.

(* Không phải: He said that he would be happy if she were there in an hour.}

- Các động từ ở dạng giả định thể hiện sự mong muốn, cầu ước hoặc đề nghị, v.v... trong câu điều kiện

loại 2 và loại 3 không đổi thì khi chuyển sang lời nói trần thuật.

e.g.

“If he came, we would know the correct answer, ” she said.

—> She said that if he came, they would know the correct answer.

e.g.

Mary said, “If I had finished the composition earlier, I would have handed it in on time.”

—> Maty said that if she had finished the composition earlier, she would have handed it in on time.

e.g.

“We wish we didn’t have to take exams, ” said the boys.

—> The boys said they wished they didn’t have to take exams.

e.g.

“Bill wants to go alone, ” said Ann, “but I’d rather he went with a group. ” Ann said that Bill

wanted to go alone, but that she’d rather he went with a group.

Đổi các trạng ngũ’ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

Trong phần lớn các trường hợp trần thuật lại, các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn được chuyển theo

nguyên tắc sau:

Lời nói trực tiếp Lò’i nói gián tiếp

here this these now today yesterday

the day before yesterday tomorrow the

day after tomorrow next week/ next

month/ next year/ etC. last week/ last

month/ etc.

two years ago

there that those then, at that time that

day the day before two days before

the next day/ the following day in

two days’ time the following week/

month/ year/ etc. the previous week/

month/ etc.

two years before

Cần lưu ý việc thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn phải có liên hệ giữa lời nói trực tiếp và lời trần

thuật. Ví dụ, nếu như phát biểu trong câu “I’ll do it tomorrow. ” được thực hiện từ hôm qua, thì lời nói gián

tiếp phải là: He promised he would do it today.

Lưu ý không thay đổi thời gian và địa điểm cụ thể.

e.g. “The Civil War in America ended in 1865, ” our teacher said.

—> Our teacher said that the Civil War in America ended in 1865.

Trần thuật câu hỏi

Khi trần thuật câu hỏi, động từ/ trợ động từ đứng trước chủ ngữ trong câu hỏi trực tiếp được đưa trở về vị trí

đứng sau chủ ngữ, sử dụng từ để hỏi (trong các câu hỏi có từ để hỏi Wh - ) hoặc thêm vào câu trần thuật từ

ỉ/hoặc whether (trong các câu hỏi Yes - No, Or - question). Động từ trần thuật thường dùng là ask, want to

know, và wonder. Cụ thể như sau:

Ask + wh - word + s + V

Ask + if/ whether + s + V

e.g.

He asks, ‘‘Where is she going? ” —> He asked where she was going.

e.g.

He said to me, “Who are you?”

He asked me who I was.

e.g.

He said, “Do you know Billy? ” —> He asked if/ whether I knew Billy. e.g.

“Am I right? ” he said.

He wondered if he was right.

Trần thuật câu mệnh lệnh

Câu mệnh lệnh được trần thuật với công thức:

động từ trần thuật + O + (NOT) + to - infinitive

Động từ thường dùng là ask và tell. Cụ thể ta có:

asksmb (not) to do smth

tell smb (not) to do smth

e.g.] “Come in and have some tea, ” he said to me.

—> He asked me to come in and have some

tea. e.g., “Don’t drive too fast, ” he said. —>

He told me not to drive too fast.

Tường thuật hành động lòi nói

Đê trân thuật chính xác hành động lời nói trực tiêp, ta cân phải hiêu được thái độ và ý định của người nói và

sử dụng động từ tường thuật phù hợp. Thông thường một cấu trúc câu hỏi được dùng để nhằm mục đích hỏi,

nhưng có thể có những câu hỏi không nhằm mục đích hỏi mà là một lời yêu cầu. Trong trường hợp này ta

phải hiểu ý định của người nói để trần thuật dưới dạng một yêu cầu thay vì một câu hỏi.

e.g. '‘Can you open the door, please? ” —

\> She asked me to open the door.

Thay vì: She asked if I could open the door.

Dưới đây là một số trường hợp cụ thể:

admit that; answer that/ reply that; argue that; claim that; complain that; accuse smb of doing smth; deny

that/ V - ing; apologize for doing smth; agree to do smth; offer to do smth; insist on doing smth; promise

that/ promise to do smth; refuse to do smth; threaten to do smth; assure smb that; object that; explain (to

smb) that; remark that; remind smb that/remind smb to do smth; state that; report that; request smb to do

smth; beg smb to do smth; urge smb to do smth; encourage smb to do smth; advise smb to do smth; warn

smb (not) to do smth.

So sánh

Có ba cap độ so sánh: So sánh bang, so sánh hom, và so sánh hơn nhất.

Các dạng thức của tính từ và trạng từ

Ø Có quy tắc

Tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn So sánh hơn So sánh hơn nhất

fast faster fastest

loud louder loudest

Tính từ/ trạng từ dài So sánh hơn So sánh hơn nhất

beautiful more beautiful (the) most beautiful

carefully more carefully (the) most carefully

- Các tính từ hay trạng từ ngắn là các tính từ hay trạng từ có một âm tiết. e.g. late,

dark, fast, bright

- Các tính từ có hai âm tiết tận cùng bằng - y, - er, - ỚVV có thể được coi là tính từ

ngắn. e.g. Clever, pretty, early, narrow

- Ngoài các trường hợp trên, tính từ và trạng từ được gọi là tính từ và trạng từ dài. e.g.

wicked, careful, interesting

Ø Bất quy tắc

Có một số tính từ và trạng từ trong tiếng Anh không thuộc các quy tắc trên. Các tính tò và trạng từ này có

dạng so sánh như sau:

Tính từ/ trạng từ So sánh hơn So sánh hơn nhất

good/ well better best

bad/ badly worse worst

far farther/ further farthest/ furthest

little less least

much/ many more most

old older/ elder oldest/ eldest

Ø Phân biệt giữa elder - eldest và older - oldest'.

Elder - eldest dùng để chi thứ bậc trong gia đình và chỉ dùng cho người, còn older - oldest dùng cho cả

người lẫn vật và so sánh về tuổi tác, mức độ cũ mới. Elder - eldest thường đặt trước danh từ. e.g. He is my

eldest brother.

This man is older than my brother.

I chose the oldest apartment.

Ø Phân biệt giữa farther - farthest và further - furthest'.

Farther - farthest được dùng để so sánh khoảng cách vật lí hay địa lí, còn further - furthest ngoài nghĩa trên

còn được dùng để chỉ các khoảng cách mang nghĩa trừu tượng.

e.g. Tom ran the farthest.

Please do not go any further into this problem. Let s move on to another issue. b.

Cấu trúc so sánh

So sánh bằng

Khẳng định AS + ADJ/ADV + AS

Phủ định NOT SO/ NOT AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS

- So sánh bằng được dùng để so sánh hai người/ vật có tính chất, trạng thái, v.v... bằng nhau hoặc

không bằng nhau.

e.g. He is not as tall as his father.

She cooks as well as her mother.

- So sánh bang cũng được dùng trong các cụm từ cố định. Các cụm từ so sánh này phản ánh văn hóa

của người nói tiếng Anh.

e.g. as cool as a cucumber as

white as a sheet as poor

as a church mouse

So sánh hơn

Tính từ/ trạng tù’ ngắn ADJ/ADV - ER + THAN

Tính từ/ trạng từ dài MORE + ADJ/ ADV + THAN

- So sánh hon dùng để so sánh độ hơn kém giữa hai người/ vật.

e.g. I’m taller than my brother.

She works harder than her twin sister.

- Khi không nêu đối tượng so sánh vào trong câu so sánh, lược bỏ THAN, e.g. - How about this

building? - Oh. I think it’s higher (than the other one). không dùng:

* Oh. I think it s higher than.

So sánh hơn nhất

Tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn THE + ADJ/ ADV - EST (+ IN/ OF)

Tính từ/ trạng từ dài THE MOST + ADJ/ ADV (+ IN/ OF)

- So sánh hơn nhất được dùng để so sánh giữa ba đối tượng trở lên. e.g. I’m the tallest in my class.

This is the oldest theatre in London.

She is the most intelligent of the three.

- Ta dùng ớ/khi so sánh trong một nhóm.

e.g. She is the tallest of the three.

So sánh nâng cao

Ngoài những vấn đề cơ bản đà nêu trong phần trên, các em học sinh cũng cần biết thêm một số kiến thức có

liên quan đến cấu trúc câu có dạng so sánh mà các em có thể gặp phải trong quá trình làm bài.

vế so sánh

- Khi so sánh, thông thường cần có hai vế để so sánh, vế được so sánh thứ hai thường là: Ø

Một cụm danh từ:

e.g. He is taller than his father. Ø

Một đại từ:

e.g. This pen is longer than that one.

Trong văn nói thông thường, có thể dùng đại từ nhân xưng dưới dạng tân ngừ trong vế thứ hai này.

e.g. He is more intelligent than me.

Không được dùng: * He is more intelligent than L Ø

Một cụm động từ:

Có thế dùng một cụm động từ ở dạng V - ing hay to - infinỉtive trong các vế so sánh.

e.g. Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a motorbike.

It is better for our health to ride a bicycle than to take a taxi.

Ø Một mệnh đề:

e.g. He makes fewer mistakes than you do.

vế so sánh này thường dùng trợ động từ tương ứng với động từ ở vế thứ nhất.

e.g. She worked harder than all the others did.

Khi vế so sánh có một chủ ngừ dài và động từ chỉ là động từ TO BE chia ở thì đơn, ta có thể đảo trật tự chủ

ngừ và động từ trong vế này.

e.g. Her grades are higher than those of anyone else in her class are.

Her grades are higher than are those of anyone else in her class.

Ta cũng có thể lược bo động từ TO BE:

Her grades are higher than those of anyone else in her class.

So sánh hơn nhất thường đi với mệnh đề quan hệ (THAT) và thể hoàn thành.

e.g. Th is is the best novel (that) I have ever read.

She was the worst woman (that) he had ever met.

Bổ nghĩa trong so sánh hon

Khi so sánh hơn, mức độ hơn kém có thể được tăng, giảm bởi các bồ ngừ đi kèm. Các bố ngữ này đứng

trước từ so sánh (more/ less/ adj - er/ adv - er).

Các (cụm) từ làm tăng/ giảm mức độ so sánh: much, far, a lot, a little.

e.g. I - Have you received more lucky money than your sister?

- No, much less.

e.g.

This new building is far higher than the old one.

e.g.

- 1 think your new house is just a little bigger than the old one. —

It’s not much bigger but it’s far more beautiful.

So sánh song song

- Cấu trúc so sánh song song được dùng đế nói lên mối liên hệ giữa hai sự kiện: khi sự kiện 1 xảy ra thì

sự kiện 2 cũng xảy ra (như là kết quả của sự kiện 1). - Cấu trúc:

The + comparative + s + V, the + comparative + s + V

e.g. The more he does the exercise, the better he feels.

- Thông thường ta cần có đủ s và V cho cả hai mệnh đề, tuy nhiên trong một số cụm từ so sánh quen

thuộc, ta có thể lược bỏ, đặc biệt là khi s và V là đại từ nhân xưng và động từ TO BE.

e.g. Estate agent: Do you want a big house?

Ann: Yes, the bigger the better.

Tom: But the bigger it is, the more it will cost us to pay for the rent.

Phân biệt like và as

- Ngoài các cấu trúc so sánh đã đề cập ở trên, ta còn dùng LIKE mang nghĩa so sánh. LIKE được đặt

trước danh từ, đại từ, hay V - ing.

e.g. He swims like a fish.

The windows were all barred. It was like being in prison.

- AS được dùng với một chủ ngữ và động từ.

e.g. Why don ’tyou cycle to work as we do?

- Ngoài ra, LIKE và AS còn đều dùng kèm với danh từ nhưng mang nghĩa khác nhau.

e.g^ He works as a slave, (as: in the role of)

e.g.

He works like a slave, (like: similar to, in the same way as)

Mệnh đề quan hệ

Relative clause được gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ, chứa đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun) đế quy chiếu với một

danh từ hay một mệnh đề đứng trước nó.

e.g.j Do you know the girl that lives next door?

That là đại từ quan hệ được dùng để quy chiếu cho the girl đứng ngay trước nó. Trong ví dụ trên, that làm

chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau danh từ. Câu trên là sự hình thành từ hai câu:

Do you know the girl? She lives next door.

e.g., This is the picture that I bought yesterday.

That trong ví dụ 2 được dùng để thay thế cho the picture đứng ngay trước nó và that làm tân ngữ trong

mệnh đề quan hệ. Câu trên được cắt nghĩa như sau:

This is the picture. I bought it yesterday.

Các đại từ quan hệ/ Trạng từ quan hệ

Các đại từ quan hệ được dùng để quy chiếu với danh từ đứng trước nó có thể chỉ người hay vật. Ngoài ra,

còn có các từ quan hệ được dùng để thay thế một từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn hay lí do (còn gọi là trạng từ

quan hệ).

Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sỏ’ hữu

Chỉ người who/ that who/ whom/ that/ 0 whose

Chỉ vật which/ that which/ that/ 0 whose/ of which

Lưu ý:

• THAT được dùng đế chỉ người hay vật, thay thế cho chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Chỉ

sử dụng THAT khi từ đứng trước nó là all, everyone, everybody, anyone, someone hay khi danh tù’ đứng

trước nó có thể chỉ cho cả người lẫn vật.

• THAT và WHO không dùng sau giới từ.

• THAT không dùng sau dấu phẩy (trong mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định).

• Đại từ quan hệ có thể được lược bỏ khi nó làm tân ngừ trong mệnh đề quan hệ và nó không đứng sau

giới từ.

Dưới đây là các từ thay thế cho các từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, và lí do.

Noi chốn Thòi gian Lý do

Trạng từ quan hệ where when why

Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định

- Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định giúp nhận diện người/ vật được nêu lên trước đó.

e.g. Is that the woman who wants to buy your car?

Mệnh đề quan hệ who wants to buy your car làm rõ thêm the woman, để phân biệt với những người phụ nữ

kháC. Nếu không có mệnh đề quan hệ, người nghe không biết rõ người nói đang muốn nói đến the woman

nào. Dưới đây là các trường hợp cụ thể:

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ:

e.g.1I met someone. He said he knew you.

—> I met someone who/ that said he knew you.

e.g.2The man has been arrested. He robbed you.

- \> The man who robbed you has been arrested.

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ:

e.g. This is the book. It is about a famous blind musician.

—> This is the book which is about a famous blind musician.

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ:

e.g. The man promised to come back. I met him.

The man who(m)/ that I met promised to come back.

Khi đại từ quan hệ trong câu làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, nó có thể được lược bỏ:

The man I met promised to come back.

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, đứng sau giới từ:

e.g. The friend spoke French. 1 was travelling with him.

Ta có hai cách viết:

The friend who/ whom/ that I was travelling with spoke French.

The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French.

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, đứng sau giới từ:

e.g. The ladder began to slip. I was standing on the ladder.

- » The ladder which I was standing on began to slip.

—> The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.

- Đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu:

e.g. The film is about a spy. His wife is caught by the enemy.

The film is about a spy whose wife is caught by the enemy.

- Trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian, và lí do:

e.g. This is the house. I was born in this house.

Câu trên có thể được viết theo cách ta đã biết khi đại từ quan hệ đứng sau giới từ.

This is the house in which I was born.

Tuy nhiên, ta có thể thay in this house bằng where và ta có câu:

This is the house where I was born.

Tương tự ví dụ trên (thay giới từ và danh từ chỉ nơi chốn bằng where), ta có thể thay giới từ và danh từ chỉ

thời gian bằng when, giới từ và danh từ chỉ lí do bằng why.

e.g. Can you tell me the time? We can start at the time.

Can you tell me the time when we can start?

e.g. Please tell me the reason. You came late for that reason.

—> Please tell me the reason why you came late.

Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định

Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định thường được dùng trong vãn viết hơn là văn nói. Mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ

mang giá trị bổ sung thêm thông tin mà không dùng đế nhận diện danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề quan hệ

không hạn định phải được tách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.

e.g. Th is is Mr Hung, who writes the script of the film.

This puppy, which my grandfather gave me on my birthday, is 9 months old.

Lưu ý rang mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định không dùng THAT sau dấu phẩy và bắt buộc phải có đại từ

quan hệ đi kèm.

Mệnh đề quan hệ nâng cao

- Mệnh đề quan hệ với cả câu không dùng để mô tả danh từ đứng trước nó mà là cả mệnh đề

đằng trước.

g.j He refused to do his share with the chores, which annoyed the others.

(His refusal to do his share with the chores annoyed the others.) e.g.

The rain rattled on the roof all

night, which kept us awake.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ với cả câu đứng sau dấu phẩy và chỉ dùng WHICH làm đại từ quan hệ. e.

Mệnh đề quan hệ giản lược

Mệnh đề quan hệ có thế được thay thế bằng một động từ nguyên thể, một động từ V - ing hay một động từ V

- ed/ V

• Động từ nguyên thể được dùng

- khi danh từ đứng trước nó được bổ nghĩa bằng từ chỉ thứ tự: the first, the second, the last, the only,

N.N... hay so sánh bậc nhất.

e.g. As a captain, I will be the last man to leave the ship.

(As a captain, I will be the last man who leaves the ship.)

- khi mệnh đề quan hệ diễn đạt mục đích hay sự cho phép.

e.g. He has a lot of books to read during the term break.

(He has a lot of books that he can read during the term break./

He has a lot of books that he must read during the term break.)

• Động từ V - ing được dùng khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ và -

động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ đang ở thể tiếp diễn.

e.g. The man who is standing ỉn the garden with my father is my teacher of English. —

\> The man standing in the garden with my father is my teacher of English.

- động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ diễn đạt một hành động thông lệ.

e.g. Boys who attended my school at the time had to wear uniform.

Boys attending my school at the time had to wear uniform.

• Động từ V - ed/ Kđược dùng khi động từ ở mệnh đề quan hệ chia ở dạng bị động: e.g. My children, who

were born and bred in the city, never have a chance to see the sun rise.

—> My children, bom and bred in the city, never have a chance to see the sun rise.

Luyện tập

Choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.

He often______ tennis in his free time.

plays B. is playing C. will play

Surgeons use a______ to perform an operation.

to pay

A scalpel B. razor blade C. sword

He is always busy. He has______ time to relax.

knife

much R a little C. little

She’s running slowly through the park. She’s______.

a lot

walking B. riding C. jogging

How do you say this fraction 3/5 in English?

three over fifth B. three - fifth

three – fifths D. three-fives

Nam’s parents are very______ with his success.

driving

please B. pleasant C. pleasing

He is interested in______ research.

pleased

working B. making C. studying D. doing

He can’t buy that bicycle because he has______ money.

a lot of B. much C. little D. few

My sister is studying hard ______her exam.

to B. at C. in D. for

They are very______ and have no time for a hobby.

full B. busy C. hurried D. hard

Every student______ to finish this test in 45 minutes.

having B. had C. have D. has

Not many students know the______ of learning English.

importance B. importantment C. important D. import

Your explanation______reasonable.

is not sound B. does not sound

is not sounded D. is not sounding

“I______it will come at all today?” - “Neither do I.”

think not B. not think C. don’t think D. do think not

My brother loves to watch baseball; I______basketball.

prefer to watch B. to prefer watching C. watch preferring D. preferring to

watch

Who______when John is likely to turn up.

know B. do know C. is knowing

18. The managers are______a new work schedule now.

knows

arranging B. arranging up C. be arrange

arranging

Ann is very temperamental. How do you______her?

put up with B. put with C. put up to D. putting up with

My parents often______after dinner.

go for a walk B. walking C. go a walk D. go to walking

It takes years to______a foreign language.

access B. master C. outnumber D. address

The sky is getting dark. It______rain is on its way.

looks B. looks like C. seems to D. will be

I______am several important letters but nothing has arrived.

expected B. looked forward to C. waiting D. expecting

I usually wear skirts but today I______ trousers.

wearing B. am wearing C. wear D. wears

Preserving natural resources ______of great importance.

is B. are being C. have been D. are

Your voice reminds me of somebody, but I can’t remember______.

it is B. who is C. who he is D. whom

I don’t______ locking the door. Let me double - check.

remember B. forget C. remind D. A & B are correct

The flat______ of three bedrooms, with a kitchen and a bathroom.

Composes B. Contains C. includes D. Consists

After Mary______ her degree, she intends to work in her father’s company.

will finish B. is finishing

finishes D. will have finished

The boy, along with his classmates, ______just paid me a visit.

has B. have C. are D. is

- “When ______leaving for Toronto, Canada?”

- “We are planning to set out at 10 o’clock.”

are we B. will we C. will up D. are us

The man told us that the next train would arrive______.

at three thirty B. at three thirty o’clock C. in three thirty

in three thirty o’clock

I can meet you at Central Station. Will______?

Convenient for you B. that convenient C. that be

convenient D. you be convenient

I hope that this winter won’t be______ last year.

as cold than B. so cold as C. as cold like D. so cold like

Let’s go ahead and do it now. Nothing______ by waiting.

accomplishes B. will be accomplished

has accomplished D. accomplished

I think our guests will______.

be here shortly B. shortly be here

here be shortly D. here shortly be

The Smiths will move to New York. But we hope to______ with them.

keep touch B. keep at touch C. keep on touch D. keep in touch

“I don’t think it______ today?” - “No, I don’t think so.”

is raining B. rain C. will rain D. doesn’t rain

I shall do the job to the best of my______.

Capacity B. ability C. knowledge D. talent

If it’s raining tomorrow, we shall have to put______ the match till Sunday.

off B. away C. in D. on

It will be hard to say goodbye to Bill and Anne. We are______ at the airport.

see them off B. see off them

seeing them off D. seeing off them

When you come tomorrow, why not______ your brother with you?

fetch B. take C. bring D

43. You will see him when he______ here tomorrow.

. Carry

will come B. has come C. Come

44. Tomorrow is Paul’s birthday. Let’s______it

Comes

Celebrate B. Congratulate C. honor

praise

He said______ money from me again.

he will never borrow B. he never will borrow

he would never borrow D. he never would borrow

- “Those students______ the annual school play.”

- “Yes, it is scheduled for next week.”

perform B. will perform

have performd D. going to

perform

I’ll wait here ______ 8 o’clock.

since B. by C. for D. until

We won’t be able to go to the club______ our parents give us permission

although B. nevertheless C. unless D. without

When will the meeting______?

hold on B. hold place

take one D. take place

I’ll give you another hour______

making your mind up B. making up your mind

make up your mind D. to make up your mind

I will______ the idea with the other teachers and see what they think about it.

explain B. argue C. discus D. talk

You will become ill ______you stop working so hard.

until B. when C. unless D. if

I’ll hand over all my files to my assistant before I______.

am leaving B. leave c. will leave D. shall leave

I’m looking______ the summer holidays.

before B. forward c. for D. forward to

When Mr. Brown’s daughter______ from university, he will be retired.

will be graduating B. graduates C. has graduated D. will graduate

When______ give us your final decision?

are you B. will you C. going out to D. you going to

The more______ we walk, the longer it will take us to get home.

slowest B. slower C. slowly D. slow

I’ll ______you just one more story before you go to sleep.

speak B. tell C. say D. talk

He will graduate in______ two years.

another B. other C. the other D. others

He______.

will be here soon B. will here be soon C. will be soon here D. soon will be here

He went to see the sights. He had a/an______ tour.

investigating B. sightseeing C. reviewing D. interested

She was tired ______her long walk.

because B. since C. as D. because of

The driver______ to read a newspaper while he for the lights to change.

had started - waited B. has started - has been waiting

was starting - has waited D. started - was waiting

When he ______all the letters, he took them to the post office.

has written B. had written C. wrote D. had been writing

We set off early ______we wouldn’t stuck in the traffic.

because B. so that C. although D. in case

On arriving home I found that she ______just a few minutes before.

left B. was leaving C. leaves D. had left

He said he______ for five hours.

has been working B. has worked C. worked D. had been working

I ______my glasses and broke them.

fell B. dropped C. wore D. was wearing

“Where______ last weekend?” - “I went to see my aunt and uncle.” A. are you go B. do you

go C. have you went D. did you go

When we woke up, everywhere had been ______snow.

Covered B. Covered by C. Covered with D. Covering

Until last year, “Mary Lester” was the largest ship that______.

was ever built B. has ever built C. has ever been built D. had ever been built

We lived there______ ten years.

for B. during C. since D. while

When John got home from work, ______.

he has made a cup of coffee B. he was making a cup of coffee

he makes a cup of coffee D. he made a cup of coffee

After ______his homework, Tom went out to play with his friends.

finish B. to finish C. finishing D. finished

“Who was the woman I saw you laughing with yesterday?”-“She was______.”

the woman next B. the next door woman

the woman next to the door D. the woman next by the door

She wanted to know______ her hat and gloves.

where had I put B. where I had put

where did I put D. that where I had put

It was a hot day, and many people were______ their way to the beach.

taking B. hitting C. making D. setting

After a lot of difficulty, he______ to open the door.

managed B. succeeded C. obtained D. realized

The car was badly smashed up, but the driver escaped without serious_____.

damage B. pain C. wound D. injury

The girls were playing at the gate ______Jane came.

when B. that C. which D. there

She said that she______ you some day.

had visited B. has visited C. will visit D. would visit

She came into the room while they______ television.

have watched B. watched

have been watching D. were watching

Mr. Smith said he would come but he ______yet.

did not come B. had not come

does not come D. has not come

______books on this shelf were written by Dickens.

Each B. All the C. Every D. The all

She said she felt tired as she ______for five hours.

had been working B. has worked C. worked D. has been working

Did you ______anywhere interesting last weekend?

go B. going C. was D. went

By the time the police arrived, the thieves ______the stolen jewelry.

hide B. had hidden C. are hiding D. will have hiding

We spent______ day sunbathing.

the whole B. all of C. whole D. whole of the

During his stay in Rome, Elmer______ a lot of photographs.

pushed B. put C. took D. Caught

That was all she remembered. She couldn’t remember______.

some more B. any more C. no more D. none more

Instead of buying a new pair of shoes, I had my old ones______.

repair B. to repair C. repairing D. repaired

It’s possible ______a train across Canada.

take B. to take C. taking D. to be taken

Now that we’ve finished painting the house, there is nothing left______.

to do B. for doing C. be done D. for being done

Before we leave, let’s have Shelley ______a map for us so we won’t get lost.

draw B. to draw C. drawing D. drawn

I can hear a cat at______ the window.

scratches B. to scratch C. scratching D. was scratching

I think your mother should let you______ your own mind.

make up B. to make up C. making up D. made up

The police never found the money______ in the robbery.

stealing B. be stolen C. steal D. stolen

Do you know what made so many people______ their home?

evacuate B. to evacuate C. evacuated D. be evacuated

______bread, you usually need flour, salt, and yeast.

Make B. To make C. Making D. For make

We saw our favorite ballet______ at the theater last night.

perform B. performing C. performed D. in performing

He was never heard______ “thank you” in his life.

say B. to say C. saying

102. I was delighted ______my old friends again.

said

to see B. seeing C. seen

______to friends is nice but alone is also enjoyable.

to be seen

Talk/ to be B. To talk/ be C. Talk/ be 104.

I’d rather______ to Elvis than the Beatles.

Talking/

being

listen B. to listen C. listening D. listened

I can make myself ______pretty well in English.

understand B. to understand

understanding D. understood

“How about going to the theater?”-“OK, but I would rather ____a concert.”

attend B. to attend C. attending D. have attended

Neither my friends nor I______ particularly interested in the training course next month.

are B. am C. be D. being

It’s time you______ harder for the next exam.

work B. are working C. worked D. have worked

Jim doesn’t speak very clearly_____.

It’s difficult to understand him B. It’s difficult for understanding him

He’s difficult in understanding D. It’s difficult to understand

We met when we were_____.

in holiday B. during holiday C. on holiday D. by holiday

111. I_____your uncle tomorrow, so I’ll give him your note.

have seen B. shall have seen

am seeing D. am going to see

112. Why _____school yesterday?

hasn’t she been at B. she wasn’t at C. isn’t she

gone to D. wasn’t she at

I heard my name _____several times.

repeated B. repeat C. repeating D. to repeat

“Shall we go now?” - “No, let’s wait_____ it stop raining.”

since B. by C. for

“I'm cold.” - “I_____ the window.”

until

am going close B. will close C. Close D. going to

One of our lawyers_____ the case.

has studying B. has been studying

was studied D. had studying

It was Friday afternoon and the shops were full_____ customers.

of B. in C. by

118. They_____ married in church last year.

with

are B. made C. got D. have

119. As the sun_____decided to go out.

shines B. has shine C. shine

120. Only when she apologizes_____to her again.

was shining

I’ll speak B. will I speak C. that I speak D. I speak

121. Last night, we saw a meteor_____through the sky.

streaked B. to streak C. streak

to have

streaked

At the end of last month, we_____friends for ten years.

had been B. are C. would be D. have been

The skiers would rather through the mountains than go by bus.

to travel on train B. traveled by train

travel by train D. traveling by the train

If we leave now for our trip, we can drive half the distance before we stop _____lunch.

having B. to have C. having had D. for having

After Jessica_____ her degree, she intends to work in her father’s company

will finish B. finishes C. finished D. is finishing

As you _____your car at the moment, can I borrow it?

don’t use B. didn’t use C. aren’t using 127. When D. haven’t used

127. When she saw a snake at her feet, she_____.

screamed B. was screaming

had screamed D. screams

When he realized that I _____.at him, he away.

looked - was turning B. was looking - turned

was looking - was turning D. looked - turned

I _____.the new Harry Potter book, so you can borrow my copy if you like.

finish B. am finishing C. have finished D. had finished

I was sure that I _____.him before.

met B. had met C. have met D. was meeting

Before I started the car, all of the passengers_____. their seat belts.

will buckle B. had buckled

was buckling D. have buckled

The minute I got the news about Sue I my parents.

phoned B. phoning

A lot_____ since I last_____ you

had phoned D. have phoned

happened – saw B. happened - have seen

has happened – saw

Your eyes are red. _____?

has happened - have seen

Did you cry B. Have you been crying

Have you been cried

Do you cry

A small stone struck the windshield while we_____ down the gravel road.

drive B. were driving C. had driven D. had been driving

In the next few years, thousands of speed cameras_____ on major roads.

are appeared B. will appear C. are appearing D. are going to appear

After she _____hospital, she had a long holiday.

leaves B. is leaving C. left D. has left

_____for a long time before you got a job?

Were you looking B. Have you looked

Have you been looking D. Had you looked

The film_____ by the time we to the cinema.

already began - got B. have already begun -

got

had already begun - got D. already began – had got

A few people enjoyed the exhibition, but the majority were_____.

restrained B. admirable c. impartial D. disappointed

He rose from his chair and_____ her warmly.

protected B. replaced c. embraced D. appreciated

She showed her_____ by asking lots of trivial questions.

experience B. experienced c. inexperienced D. inexperience

Not a word_____ since the exam started.

she wrote B. she had written C. had she written D. she has written

Among the many valuable paintings in the gallery_____ a self - portrait by Picasso.

is B. are C. be D. were

I’m sorry you’ve missed the train, it_____ five minutes ago.

had left B. left C. has left D. has been left

It was_____ that everyone answered it correctly.

so a simple question B. such a simple question

too simple question D. a more simple question

The university_____ by private funds as well as by tuition income and grants

. A. is supported B. supports C. is supporting D. has supported

Better health care and agriculture have led to rapid population_____.

grow B. growing c. grown D. growth

Pressure on natural resources will _____as we face a population explosion.

increase B. decrease c. decline D. raise

Her first novel has been_____ acclaimed as a masterpiece.

nation B. national c. internationally D. international

If the technology_____ available, we would be able to expand the business.

would become B. were become c. had become D. became

If the North Sea _____in winter, you could walk from London to Oslo.

freezes B. froze

should freeze D. should happen to freeze

It would have been a much more serious accident_____ fast at the time.

was she driving B. had she been driving

she had driven D. if she drove

154.I’ll give you a lift if it_____.

is raining B. rained C. will rain D. had rained

They couldn’t decide_____ it was worth re - sitting the exam.

if not B. whether C. if or not D. whether not

_____in my seventies and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash.

Were I not B. Was I not C. Weren’t I D. If I am not

The panda’s_____ habitat is the bamboo forest.

nature B. natural C. naturalized D. naturally

Learners can feel very_____ if the exercise is too difficult.

Courageous B. encouraging C. discouraged D. discouragingly

The _____friendly products are designed not to harm the natural environment.

environment B. environmental

environmentally D. environmentalism

The waste from the chemical factory is extremely_____

harm B. harmful

unharmed D. harmless

People are destroying the air by adding_____ to it.

pollutants B. polluters C. pollution D. polluted

14 percent of primate species are highly_____.

danger B. dangerous C. endanger D. endangered

The _____of old buildings should be taken into consideration

preserve B. preservation C. preservative D. preserves

Animal_____ supporters gathered to protest against hunting.

protect B. protection C. protective D. protectionist

The main threat to the _____of these creatures comes from their loss of habitat.

survive B. survivor C. survival D. survivable

Jean Fragonard was a French artist_____ portraits of children.

whose paintings B. who has painted

who painted D. whose painted

The smoke from burning fuels causes pollution if it_____ into the atmosphere.

releases B. is released C. will be released D. released

Portland, Maine, is_____ the poet spent his early years.

where B. it where C. where is D. which is where

Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment_____.

that the birds live B. where the birds live in

which live the birds D. in which the birds live

Wild animals_____ in their natural habitat will have a better and longer life than those which are kept

in protected areas.

live B. to live C. living D. lived

There should be some measures to protect the humpback whale, _____an endangered species.

to consider B. which is considered C. Consider D. is considered

We should participate in the movement _____ to conserve the natural environment.

organized B. to organize C. organizing D. organize

The purchase of wild animals.

have to be ban B. must ban

should ban D. must be banned

The school has been given 20 computers, half of are brand new.

that B. those C. them D. which

The computer, _____the memory capacity has just been upgraded, is among the latest generations.

that B. whose C. of which D. which of

_____is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions.

That Philip Glass B. Philip Glass, who

Philip Glass D. Because Philip Glass

There are over 2,000 varieties of snakes, _____are harmless to humans.

mostly they B. most of them C. most of which D. which most

For many years people have wondered _____ exists elsewhere in the universe.

that life B. life which C. whether life D. life as it

Computers and new methods of communication _____the modem office.

have revolutionized B. to have revolutionized

that have revolutionized D. has revolutionized

Seldom _____each other anymore.

we have seen B. do we see C. we do see D. we see

Choose the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.

“Sorry, I can’t find the books you asked for.” - “_____”

Don’t mention it. B. It’s your fault.

I won’t forgive you. D. Thanks anyway.

“If you like I can mail this letter for you.” - “_____”

Please give me a hand. B. That’s very kind of you.

No, go ahead. D. No problem.

“Hey, Tom, what’s up?” - “_____”

Yes, definitely! B. You are lucky.

Oh, not much. D. Not at all.

“It’s rather cold in here. Do you mind if I close the window?” - “_____” A. Yes, please. B. Sure,

please. C. No, go ahead. D. I don’t like it.

“Oh, I’ve failed the driving test again!” - “This is not the end of the world.”

Cheer up! B. No problem. C. Good luck! D. You’re welcome.

“You’re a great dancer. I wish I could do half as well as you.” - “_____”

Don’t mention it. B. Oh, thank you very much.

You’re right. D. You’re too kind.

“Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant?” - “It’s too expensive.”

Why not? B. I’m sure. C. I agree. D. I’m afraid not.

“It’s been a wonderful evening. Thank you very much.” - “_____”

It’s OK. B. No, thanks. C. My pleasure. D. It doesn’t matter.

“_____” - “I’m fine. Thanks.”

How old are you? B. How do you do?

How are you? D. What’s wrong?

“Wow. I’ve never seen such a nice shirt.” - “_____”

Oh, I don’t know. B. I’m glad you like it.

Yes, definitely. D. You’re welcome.

“If I’m a bit late, wait for me.” - “_____”

Am I early? B. I think so. C. Not yet. D. All right.

“I’m sorry, we don’t have your size.” - “_____”

I’ll take it. B. I hope so. C. What a pity! D. I don’t like it.

“Will you be able to come to the meeting?” — “_____”

Of course, you will. B. I do.

I’m afraid not. D. You must be kidding!

“Thank you very much for a lovely party.” - “_____” A. Cheer. B. I hope so. C. What a pity! D. You’re

welcome.

“I’ll make some sandwiches for lunch.” - “_____”

Is there some for you? B. What is it made of?

I really don’t mind. D. Would you like some help?

“I believe that supermarkets are much better than traditional markets.” _____ “Each has its own

features.”

I disagree with you. B. I couldn’t agree with you more.

I can’t help thinking the same. D. That’s completely true.

“Do you feel like going to the cinema tonight?” - “_____”

I think so. B. I don’t agree. I’m afraid.

You’re welcome. D. That would be great.

“Are you getting a new flat this year?” - “_____I can’t even afford to pay my bills.”

Without question. B. Good idea!

Are you sure? D. You must be kidding!

“Would you like a glass of wine?” – “_____”

Cheers. For our health. B. No, thanks. I don’t drink alcohol.

Thanks. Here you are. D. Never mind. It doesn’t matter.

“I’ll see you next time.” - “_____”

Yes, I’d love to. B. Never mind. C. Not at all. D. Sure. Bye.

“Do you need any help with your luggage?” - “No, _____”.

don’t mention it B. I’m fine, thanks

never mind D. it doesn’t matter

Customer: “Can I try these clothes on?” Shop assistance: “_____” A. Of course. The fitting room’s over

there.

Certainly you can. Take it at ease.

Never mind. Here you are.

Thanks. I just have a look.

“Can I have a big mug, please?” - “Sure. _____”

Go ahead. B. Here you are.

You are welcome. D. My pleasure.

“What about going to National Museum this weekend?” - “______”

I agree with you. B. I will accept that

Yes, let’s do that. D. Me, too.

“Can I bring a friend to the party?” - “______”

It’s nice. B. Of course. C. Don’t worry. D. I hope so.

“Don’t tell anybody!” - “ _____ ”

I won’t. B. I do. C. I can D. . I wouldn’t.

“Merry Christmas!” - “_______”

Thank you! B. Happy to you! C. Good! D. The same to you!

“Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?” - “’

Yes, I am so glad. B. No, thanks.

Sorry, the seat is taken. D. Yes. You can sit here.

“Oh, no! I can’t find my credit card!” - “_____” A. Thank you for letting me know.

Don’t worry. They will be back very soon.

It is a nice surprise. You should be glad about it!

Chill out. Try to remember when you last used it.

“Your parents must be proud of your results at school.” - “________” A. Sorry to hear that.

I am glad you like it.

Thanks. It’s certainly encouraging. D. Of course.

- John: “I’ve passed my final exam.”

- Tom: “________”

Good luck! B. It’s nice of you to say so.

That’s a good idea. D. Congratulations.

“- Tom: “Sorry, I forgot to phone you last night.”.”-“____”

Mary: “_____”

I have nothing to tell you. B. Oh. Poor me.

Never mind. D. You were absent - minded.

“Have you been to London?” - “_____”

No, but I hope to go there one day. B. No, I didn’t go there last year.

London is a nice place to visit. D. No, it was a long time ago.

- Kate: “How lovely your cats are!”

- David: “_____”

Really? They are. B. Thank you, it is nice of you to say so.

Can you say it again? D. I love them, too.

“Thank you for inviting me, but I’ve already made other plans.” – “______ Maybe another time.

Oh, what’s a pity! B. I hope you enjoy it.

That’s good. D. Great! I really had a good time.

“Shall I wait for you? - “_____”

Why ask such a question?

No need to ask.

No, don’t bother.

- Shop assistance: “_____”

- Customer: “I’m just looking.

Yes, of course.

What do you do?

What are you

doing?

What can I do for you?

What can I offer

you?

- Jane: “Would you like to go to the cinema with us tonight?”

- Marry: “_____I have much work to do.”

I’d like to. B. No, I won’t. C. No, thanks. D. Yes, I will.

“Could I speak to Ms. Nancy, please?” - “Yes,______!”

I am here B. what do I do C. my pleasure D. speaking

“I can’t stand his bad behavior any more!” - “_____”

So do I. B. So can’t I. C. Neither can I. D. I can’t too.

Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following

questions.

I recently posted an advertisement for a vacancy in Sales Department.

available room B. available seat

available space D. available position

I lived in the U.S. for ten years, so I’ve lost touch with British politics.

become unaware of B. forgotten about C. become confused about D. stopped talking

about

The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory. A. necessary B. optional C. obligatory D.

redundant

Some research has shown a strong association between pesticide and certain diseases.

Cooperation B. Connection C. Consequence D. Cause

Reaching 35 and obviously aging, Jane has to make up her mind on her future very soon.

give a thought about B. prepare a plan for

make a decision on D. pay attention to

The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression.

recession B. unhappiness C. development D. boom

Many new graduates take a part - time job and barely make ends meet every month.

become a professional B. balance study and work

put aside extra money D. earn enough to live

Tonny was so absorbed in his assignment that he forgot all about his dinner in the oven.

busy B. interested C. obliged D. distracted

It’s extremely rude not to say “Thank you” when you are given something.

Casual B. Careless C. embarrassing D. impolite

Teachers said he was disruptive and his behaviour had adverse influence on other students.

difficult B. active C. troublesome D. offensive

To get the best deal on a new car, you need to know what a car is really worth.

pay the lowest price B. get the highest quality

save the most amount of petrol D. reach the fastest agreement

Fortunate people notice opportunities that happen by chance more often than unlucky people.

purposefully B. Coincidentally C. momentarily D. accidentally

My grandfather always tells me that no one is always good - everyone has a dark hidden side.

part B. opinion C. soul D. Character

Don’t ask your father which key to press - he doesn’t have a clue about computers.

learn B. guess C. know D. talk

Her article on diet startled many people into changing their eating habits.

frightened B. upset C. rushed D. encouraged

The nutritionist stressed the importance of fresh fruit and vegetables in the diet.

pronounced B. worried C. emphasized D. repeated

Only a first - rate education will enable our students to compete with the best in the world, especially in

core subjects such as English, mathematics and science.

the simplest B. the most difficult

the most important D. the most popular

He’s been running his own company since he left school.

managing B. starting C. planning D. jogging

Just like Mahatma Gandhi, who advocated non - violent methods of struggle, Picasso fought against

fascism by peaceful means.

used B. supported C. insisted D. determined

We need to create a culture of tolerance and forgiveness and join hands as one nation.

work together B. shake hands

take action D. hold each other’s hand

Traditional cultural values are often central to the way a community or group defines itself.

lessons B. habits C. Customs D. beliefs

She was determined to get that project finished on time. A. suffered a lot of pain B. made herself

die

put herself in a dangerous situation D. made a lot of effort

We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.

making up B. Carrying out C. taking part in D. responding

You can make a good living in sales if you have the right attitude and strategies.

live a good life B. earn a lot of money

have a comfortable lifestyle D. achieve considerable success

This is a book to dip into, not to read at a gallop.

read bits here and there B. read every word carefully

read from cover to cover D. read the first few pages

The government has launched a new road safety campaign in an attempt to reduce the number of road

accidents.

to aim to B. to try to C. to plan to D. to intend to

Sorry, I’m late. A problem came up with the keys.

rose B. became available

appeared D. happened

I tried to catch her eye, but she had already turned away.

look at her B. get her attention

wave at her D. follow with her

Most of the information in her article was complete rubbish.

trivia B. waste C.joke D. nonsense

We must make sure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.

in support of B. parallel to

without damaging D. at the same time with

I think we can safely say now that we have got our money back, we are home and dry.

have been successful B. have not got wet

have got no water D. have got home dry

Crime frequently increase during periods of social upheaval.

ruin B. unrest C. havoc D. trends

The evening would have been more enjoyable if all the extraneous activities had been dropped from the

program.

irrelevant B. excessive C. overextended D. exceptional

The whole village was wiped out in the bombing raids.

Changed completely B. Cleaned well C. destroyed completely D. removed quickly

He drives me to the edge because he never stops talking.

irritates me B. steers me C. moves me D. frightens me

“Would you like some more to eat?” - “No, thank you. I’ve had more than enough already.”

amount B. little C. pour D. plenty

Although the hours are longer, John earns more in his new job.

gets on B. brings in C. makes out D.takes up

After her mother died, she was raised by her grandparents.

grown up B. brought up C. Come into D. put up

Thanks to her regular workouts and sensible diet she certainly strikes me as in the pink.

in extreme health B. in good health

in absolute health D. in clear health

He wasn’t able to manage with the stress and strains of the job.

Cope B. succeed C. administer D. acquire

The band’s first album is due for release later this month.

late B. expected C. improper D. early

The factory is fined for discharging dangerous chemicals into the river.

releasing B. increasing C. decreasing D. keeping

You will need a sound understanding of basic teaching skills if you want to enter the classroom with

great confidence.

sufficient B. detective C. inadequate D. thorough

He was one of the most outstanding performers at the live show last night.

easy – looking B. important C. well - known D. impressive

They are going to suffer a lot of criticism for increasing bus fare so much.

put across B. get into C. stand in with D. Come in for

The lost hikers stayed alive by eating wild berries and drinking spring water.

revived B. surprised C. Connived D. survived

Father has lost his job. so we’ll have to tighten our belt to avoid getting into debt.

earn money B. spend money C. sit still D. economize

She was brought up in a well - off family. She can’t understand the problems we are facing.

wealthy B. kind C. broke D. poor

For calculating a calendar, it is convenient to use the tropical solar year.

practical B. Critical C. necessary D. appropriate

The medical community continues to make progress in the fight against cancer.

speed B. expect more C. do better D. treat better

As all of us cannot be available today, let’s put off the discussion till later.

present for the event B. scheduled for the event

arranged for the event D. appointed for the event

The detective’s resourcefulness helped him solve the mystery.

assistance B. family C. skill D. money

The president of the company will resign at the end of the fiscal year.

get a raise B. reserve C. quit D. relocate

Professor Johnson has a thorough knowledge of Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Complete B. wonderful C. hazy D. scientific

Unfortunately the cooker overheated and then exploded and so it really wasn’t long before the whole

house was alight.

in light B. on fire C. with fire D. with light

I’ve looked everywhere for my passport and can only assume it has gone astray.

got freed B. got taken C. got missed D. got lost

Don’t worry we’ll see you’re all right.

look at you B. look on you C. look for you D. look after you

Although they hold similar political views, their religious beliefs present a striking contrast.

minor comparison B. interesting resemblance

significant difference D. Complete coincidence

These were the people who advocated using force to stop school violence.

openly criticized B. publicly said

publicly supported D. strongly condemned

The shop assistant was totally bewildered by the customer’s behavior.

disgusted B. puzzled C. angry D. upset

He didn’t bat an eyelid when he realized he failed the exam again.

wasn’t happy B. didn’t want to see

wasn’t surprised D. didn’t care

Ralph Nader was the most prominent leader of the U.S. Consumer protection movement.

Casual B. significant C. particular D. aggressive

The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of an epoch of exodus from rural areas to cities.

episode B. period C. migration D. story

We had to list the chronology of events in World War II on our test.

Catastrophe B. time sequence C. disaster D. discrepancy

You may find that jogging is detrimental to your health rather than beneficial.

helpful B. facile C. depressing D. harmful

The power failure at dinnertime caused consternation among the city’s housewives.

disability B. deliberation C. dismay D. distaste

The hostess was affronted by Bill’s failure to thank her for dinner.

affable B. offended C. afflicted D. Confronted

The notice should be put in the most conspicuous place so that all the students can be well - informed.

easily seen B. beautiful C. popular D. suspicious

I prefer to talk to people face to face rather than talk on the phone.

facing them B. in person C. looking at them D. seeing them

Anthropologists believe that in the sixteenth century a few thousands Inuits inhabited northern Canada.

threatened B. governed C. lived in D. fought over

Leontyne Price has excelled as an opera singer since the 1960’s, receiving worldwide recognition as a

result of her artistry.

showed interest B. liked to perform

begun to improve D. been superior

With the dawn of space exploration, the notion that atmospheric conditions on Earth may be unique in

the solar system was strengthened.

expansion B. beginning C. Continuation D. outcome

The situation seems to be changing minute by minute.

from time to time B. time after time

again and again D. very rapidly

I think we have solved this problem once and for all.

in the end B. forever C. temporarily D. for everybody

A woman had a narrow escape when the car came round the comer.

was hurt B. was nearly hurt C. ran away D. hit the car

Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following

questions.

The problem is due to discipline, or, more precisely, the lack of discipline, in schools.

informally B. flexibly C. Casually D. wrongly

True friendship is not common, and there are many people who seem incapable of it.

prevalent B. superior C. unique D. temporary

If you are at a loose end this weekend, I will show you round the city.

free B. confident C. occupied D. reluctant

Susan lost her head when she suddenly woke up and saw the house on fire.

kept calm B. became panic C. lost control D. get confused 5. Henry has

found a temporary job in a factory.

eternal B. genuine C. permanent D. satisfactory

Mr Smith’s new neighbors appear to be very friendly.

amicable B. inapplicable C. hostile D. futile

The consequences of the typhoon were disastrous due to the lack of precautionary measures.

damaging B. beneficial C. severe D. physical

There should be new measures to discourage car use in favor of public transport.

prevent B. encourage C. disapprove D. disconnect

In one well - known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by

their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people.

become aware B. puzzle C. recall D. miss

Other characters may think that a problem is inexplicable, but Poe’s detective, C. Auguste Dupin, finds

it easy to understand.

boring B. mysterious C. evident D. simple

The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.

explicit B. implicit C. obscure D. odd

Due to an increase in population and the use of nearby land for farming, there are toxic levels of

chemicals in the water.

drop B. lowness C. shortage D. illness

They have not made any effort to integrate with the local community.

Cooperate B. put together C. separate D. Connected

There has been insufficient rainfall over the past two years, and farmers are having trouble.

adequate B. unsatisfactory C. limited D. dominant

I don’t like the way he refers to his problems obliquely.

directly B. indirectly C. politely D. impolitely

My little daughter would spend an inordinate amount of time in the shop, deciding exactly which

comics she was going to buy.

excessive B. limited C. required D. abundant

Thousands are going starving because of the failure of this year’s harvest.

hungry B. poor C. rich D. full

Td like to install some money into my bank account. A. withdraw some money from B. put some

money into

give some money out D. leave some money aside

The relationship between structure, process and outcome is very unclear.

disappear B. external C. apparent D. uncertain

The situation in the country has remained relatively stable for a few months now.

Constant B. Changeable C. objective D. ignorant

We offered a speedy and secure service of transferring money in less than 24 hours.

uninterested B. unsure C. open D. slow

The clubs meet on the last Thursday of every month in a dilapidated palace.

furnished B. regenerated C. renovated D. neglected

There has been discernible improvement in the noise levels since lorries were banned.

insignificant B. Clear C. distinguishable D. thin

In remote communities, it’s important to replenish stocks before the winter sets in.

empty B. refill C. repeat D. remake

Population growth rates vary among regions and even among countries within the same region.

stay unchanged B. remain unstable C. fluctuate D. restrain

In some countries, the disease burden could be prevented through environmental improvements.

something to suffer B. something enjoyable

something sad D. something to entertain

After five days on trial, the court found him innocent of the crime and he was released.

innovative B. benevolent C. guilty D. naive

Affluent families find it easier to support their children financially.

Wealthy B. Impoverished C. Privileged D. Well - off

Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance on the island. The islanders even exported the surplus.

large quantity B. small quantity C. excess D. sufficiency

There is growing concern about the way man has destroyed the environment.

ease B. attraction C. Consideration D. speculation

The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK.

gradual B. small C. significant D. huge

We went through the report thoroughly but the information we wanted wasn’t given anywhere.

repeatedly B. Completely C. slowly D. Carelessly

She called me this morning at the office and we had a brief chat.

lengthy B. friendly C. short D. private

Around one comer, a hundred goats suddenly appeared, in no apparent hurry to let us by.

paraded B. left C. vanished D. showed up

Global warming is one of the major problems facing our planet.

Common B. minor C. important D. serious

If we view the problem from a different angle, a solution may become more obvious.

practical B. straightforward C. noticeable D. unclear

If you’re willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket.

unprepared B. ready C. happy D. reluctant

People should have the courage to stand up for their beliefs.

weakness B. Cowardice C. power D. bravery

I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.

unawareness B. unconcern C. attention D. Carelessness

He hoped the company would help him in finding stable accommodation.

poor B. permanent C. short - term D. suitable

Choose the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

I look (A) forward (B) to see you (C) on Tuesday (D) after work.

I (A) didn’t see (B) someone (C) on the way (D) to your house.

It is (A) sure that (B) one day she will (C) pass (D) her examinations.

I don’t (A) think I have (B) ever (C) red one of his (D) books.

I (A) never have been (B) to see that film (C) at (D) the local cinema.

(A) Whenever I open my mouth (B) to speak English I always feel that (C) peoples are laughing and

that (D) makes me nervous.

What I find is that (A) either I make a bad grammatical mistake (B) also I pronounce the word (C) the

wrong (D) way.

I wonder if you (A) have ever (B) visit my country because more and more (C) tourists are (D) coming

now.

I hope one day you (A) will come and I hope that I haven’t (B) done too (C) many mistakes in my (D)

sentences.

I (A) expect you will understand (B) most of what I have written and that you are not (C) effected too

much (D) by the mistakes.

II. He didn’t give (A) me (B) any ink, so I (C) couldn’t write (D) no more.

Either Peter (A) or Mary (B) have left (C) the door (D) unlocked.

The film (A) on television (B) made us so (C) boring that we went (D) to bed early.

If he (A) does a mistake, (B) will he (C) feel sorry (D) for it?

John decided (A) buying a new car in the morning, (B) but in the afternoon he (C) changed (D) his

mind.

I went (A) to the library (B) to get (C) as many information (D) as I could.

(A) When (B) it is possible, I (C) will help you (D) later today.

(A) No matter what happens, he (B) will not let me (C) to borrow (D) his computer.

I think (A) it is a (B) spend (C) of money to buy (D) cigarettes.

(A) Tonight I’m (B) going to stay (C) at home (D) with meself.

I (A) have a very (B) interested job because (C) as a journalist I meet (D) many people.

My boss (A) watches me very closely and always lets me (B) know how I am (C) doing my job and

always tells me if I am doing (D) bad.

You (A) probably have never (B) heard of my country or the town (C) where I live because they are

very far (D) of your home.

I would like you (A) at see some pictures (B) of my country and I will attach them (C) to my next (D)

report.

I am sure you (A) can learn (B) a lot (C) about other countries by (D) watch television.

(A) Since the liberation (B) many changes (C) has taken place (D) in the whole country.

(A) My mother still (B) spends 14 hours (C) a day (D) do the housework.

Her parents (A) don’t allow (B) her (C) go out (D) in the evening.

(A) Do you know (B) Jim’s brother (C) who house (D) is in your neighbourhood?

He never (A) takes a day (B) off work and when he is (C) at work he always works very (D) hardly.

My (A) language has (B) the same grammar (C) with (D) yours.

He finds it very (A) difficult to communicate (B) with people who (C) doesn’t speak the same language

(D) as his.

Time (A) spends very (B) slowly when you are waiting (C) for a bus (D) to arrive.

Every year Bob and Alice (A) spend a few (B) day (C) at the same hotel (D) by the sea.

James (A) which has (B) just received a promotion is the (C) best worker (D) of our company.

The boy (A) whom I spoke (B) to on the phone last night (C) is very interested (D) on Mathematics.

Our teacher (A) told us that we (B) had done our (C) homeworks very (D) carefully.

She found it (A) hard to (B) concentrating on her book (C) because of (D) the noise.

“Have you met (A) Bill’s sisters?” - “I’ve met (B) one. I didn’t know he (C) had (D) other sister.”

Customs are (A) different from (B) one regions (C) of the country (D) to another.

The (A) job as a (B) booksell helps her (C) to support (D) her family.

(A) Mastering foreign (B) languages (C) are not (D) an easy process.

(A) Some artists use traditional designs (C) while (D) another use modem themes.

(A) What ever (B) difficult he (C) may encounter, he’ll try (D) his best to overcome.

I (A) found (B) it (C) wonderfully to travel (D) abroad.

When she (A) was asked for her (B) opinion on the course, she said it (C) had been a (D) waist of time.

They (A) have been writing to (B) each others since they (C) were (D) children.

(A) I’m not often traveling (B) by air because the cost of (C) flying (D) is very high.

(A) I try to (B) remembering your name but I’m afraid I (C) can’t remember (D) it.

(A) I’d prefer to do it (B) on myself because (C) other people (D) make me nervous.

Choose the option that expresses the same idea as the given sentence.

The meal we had in the restaurant was so nice. A. It was such a nice meal in the restaurant.

The restaurant served nice meals.

The restaurant where we had the meal was so nice.

We had a meal in a nice restaurant.

That’s the garage where I left my car last week. A. I had my car repaired last week.

I had my car repaired since last week.

That’s the garage where I went to have my car repaired last week.

I have had my car repaired for last week.

“What do you think Steve is doing in the garden?” she asked. A. She asked what Steve is doing in the

garden.

She asked what is Steve doing in the garden.

She asked what was Steve doing in the garden.

She asked what Steve was doing in the garden.

The school I studied at last year was better than this one. A. This school is not as good as my last one.

This school was not as good as my last one.

I studied in a good as my last one.

My last school is not as good as this one.

Sally decided not to do her homework and went to a night club.

Sally went to a night club because she didn’t have any homework.

Sally went to a night club instead of doing her homework.

Sally was too lazy to do her homework.

Sally went to a night club after doing her homework.

We stayed in that hotel despite the noise.

Despite the hotel was noisy, we stayed there.

We stayed in that noisy hotel, and we enjoyed it.

Although that hotel was noisy, we stayed there.

Because of the noise, we stayed in that hotel.

I was astonished that she didn’t pass her exam.

That she didn’t pass her exam astonished me.

I was astonished that her exam was not over.

I was astonished that she passed her exam.

She didn’t pass her exam, which astonished her.

She hasn’t played the piano for five years.

The last time she played the piano five years ago.

She played the piano five years ago.

The last time she played the piano was five years ago.

She doesn’t play piano five years ago.

He lost his job three months ago.

It has been three months since he has lost his job.

It is three months since he lost his job.

They are three months since he lost his job.

It is three months ago since he lost his job.

When they arrived, all the good seats were already taken. A.

They didn’t get good seats because they arrived too late.

They arrived early enough to get good seats.

They had to stand for the whole show.

They didn’t get good seats although they arrived early.

Tom said, “I want to visit my friends this weekend.” A.

Tom said he wants to visit his friends this weekend.

Tom said he wanted to visit his friends this weekend.

Tom said he wants to visit his friends that weekend.

Tom said he wanted to visit his friends that weekend.

You must never take your helmet off while you are riding a motorcycle. A.

Helmets must be worn at all times when riding a motorcycle.

You must never wear your helmet while you are riding a motorcycle.

Helmets should be taken off at all times when riding a motorcycle.

You must never take off your helmet.

They wanted to apologize for their behavior; that’s why they paid for dinner. A.

They felt sorry for paying for dinner.

They apologized for paying for dinner.

They behaved badly by paying for dinner.

They paid for dinner in order to apologize for their behavior.

It isn’t necessary to bring skis as they are included in the package. A.

You don’t have to bring skis as they are included in the package.

You must bring skis as they are not included in the package.

You need to bring skis as they are not included in the package.

You have to bring skis as they are included in the package.

I thought parking was allowed here.

In my opinion, parking wasn’t allowed here.

I was under the impression that parking was allowed there.

They allowed people to park here.

They didn’t allow people to park here.

Jerry said, “I’m studying English a lot at the moment.” A.

Jerry said I am studying English a lot at the moment.

Jerry said he is studying English a lot at the moment.

Jerry said I was studying English a lot at the moment.

Jerry said he was studying English a lot at the moment.

When I was a child, we would go to the local park every Saturday afternoon.

When I was a child, we used to go to the local park every Saturday afternoon.

When I was a child, I never went to the local park every Saturday afternoon.

We are used to going to the local park every Saturday afternoon.

We have been used to the local park every Saturday afternoon since I was a child.

They moved to this suburb in 1997.

They lived in this suburb in 1997.

They have moved to this suburb since 1997.

They have lived in this suburb since 1997.

They have lived in this suburb before.

They managed to finish the project in time for the presentation. A. The project will be finished in

time for the presentation.

They succeeded to finish the project in time for the presentation.

They succeeded in finishing the project in time for the presentation.

It was difficult for them to finish the project in time for the presentation.

Jane allows her children to stay up to midnight on Saturday evenings. A. Jane let her children to

stay up late on Saturdays.

Jane let her children stay up late on Saturdays.

Jane lets her children to stay up late on Saturdays.

Jane lets her children stay up late on Saturdays.

We bought our house last year.

Our house was sold last year.

Our house was bought last year.

Our house has been bought for a year.

Our house has been bought since last year.

Would you please give me a hand?

Would you mind giving me a hand?

I am very happy to help you.

Would you please to help me?

I am very pleased if you give me a hand.

Why don’t we enjoy such a wonderful evening? A. I want to know why you enjoy the evening.

It is a wonderful evening and we enjoy it very much.

I ask you why you enjoy the evening.

I suggest our enjoying such a wonderful evening.

She feels happy because she has passed her exam. A. Her good exam result makes her happy.

She feels happy to take the exam.

She feels happy because of the coming exam.

She feels happy because the exam has finished.

Although she took a taxi, Susan arrived late for the party.

Susan arrived late for the party because she didn’t take a taxi.

Susan arrived late for the party because of the taxi.

In spite of taking a taxi, Susan arrived late for the party.

Although she took a taxi, Susan can’t come to the party in time.

I haven’t been to London since I left my college. A. I went to London when I left my college.

The last time I went to London was when I left my college.

I have just been to London.

I have been to London to visit my college.

The journey to Bristol took six hours.

It was a six - hour journey to Bristol.

It was a six - hours journey to Bristol.

The journey to Bristol was short.

It was six - hour journey to Bristol.

Mr. Smith is not as keen on gardening as he used to be. A. Mr. Smith is very keen on gardening.

Mr. Smith used to be keener on gardening.

Mr. Smith likes gardening.

Mr. Smith didn’t use to do the gardening.

“Can I borrow your car, Helen?” said Mary.

Mary asked Helen if she can borrow her car.

Mary asked Helen if she could borrow her car.

Mary asked Helen she can borrow her car.

Mary asked Helen she could borrow her car.

He has had his washing machine for five years.

He has bought his washing machine for five years ago.

His machine was bought for five years ago.

He washed by hand five years ago.

He bought his washing machine five years ago.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. A. I saw that film because it is interesting.

If I knew the film was interesting, I would see it earlier.

I don’t think it is the most interesting film.

I have seen a lot of films but this is the most interesting of all.

Her good exam result gave us no surprise.

She did well in the exam, which made us surprised.

We were not surprised at her good exam result.

We were surprised at her good exam result.

We thought she had got better exam result.

I have warned you not to leave your bicycle outside. A. You should leave your bicycle outside.

Leaving your bicycle outside was a good idea.

I have warned you about leaving your bicycle outside.

I told you not to go by bicycle.

We are closed for staff training today. A. We can train you to work here.

We are not open today because of the staff training.

The shop is run by a trained staff.

The shop won’t open until tomorrow.

“I’m not feeling very well,” Nam tells his mother.

Nam tells his mother (that).

she’s not feeling very well B. he’s not feeling very well C. I’m not feeling very well D.

they’re not feeling very well

Mr. Long is a strict teacher in our school. Do you know him?

Do you know him Mr. Long is a strict teacher in our school?

Do you know Mr. Long, is a strict teacher in our school?

Do you know Mr. Long, a strict teacher in our school?

Do you know a strict teacher in our school is Mr. Long?

Well, this tea is too hot for me to drink now.

I wish I couldn’t drink this tea. B. I wish this tea was hot.

I wish this tea wouldn’t be too hot. D. I wish this tea were hot.

“My teacher gave me this exercise yesterday,” said the girl.

The girl said (that) my teacher gave me this exercise yesterday.

The girl said (that) her teacher gave her this exercise yesterday.

The girl said (that) her teacher had given her this exercise yesterday.

The girl said (that) her teacher had given her that exercise the previous day.

Some of the people couldn’t find a seat in the concert hall.

There were not enough seats for all the people in the concert hall.

There were too many seats for people in the concert hall.

There were some people without a seat in the concert hall.

There were not enough seats even for some people in the concert hall.

Shall we go for a walk?

How about go for a walk? B. How about to go for a walk?

How about we go for a walk? D. How about going for a walk?

The doctor doesn’t have enough time to see you now. A. The doctor has a little time to see you.

The doctor is too busy to see you now.

The doctor doesn’t want to see you now.

If the doctor has enough time, he will see you now.

The new hospital is bigger than the old one.

The new hospital is not as big as the old one.

The new hospital is smaller than the old one.

The old hospital is more smaller than the new one.

The old hospital is smaller than the new one.

My French friend finds driving on the left difficult.

My French friend is not used to driving on the left.

My French friend is used to driving on the left.

My French friend has no problems with driving on the left.

My French friend had difficulty to drive on the left.

Although the weather was terrible, we had a good time. A. We had a good time because of the

terrible weather.

We had a good time in spite of the terrible weather.

Despite of the terrible weather, we had a good time.

We didn’t have a good time because of the terrible weather.

It’s too cold for swimming today.

We could go swimming if it were not so cold today.

It is not cold enough for swimming today.

I cannot go swimming today because I have got a cold.

It is a very cold day today.

“Have you seen my gloves anywhere, Eric?” asked Mrs. Noble. A. Mrs. Noble asked Eric if he has

seen her gloves anywhere.

Mrs. Noble asked Eric if has he seen her gloves anywhere.

Mrs. Noble asked Eric if he saw her gloves anywhere.

Mrs. Noble asked Eric if he had seen her gloves anywhere.

I don’t remember that I met him in London. A. I remember not meeting him in London.

I remember to meet him in London.

I remember meeting him in London.

I don’t remember meeting him in London.

You are not allowed to smoke here.

You can smoke here if you like. B. Smoking is allowed here.

Smoking is banned here. D. All are correct.

There’re many people who don’t know anything about protecting the environment. A. Many people

aren’t aware of protecting the environment.

Many people have no knowledge of protecting the environment.

Many people don’t know how to protect the environment.

Many people know much about protecting the environment.

Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It’s in the Himalayas.

Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is in the Himalayas. B. Mt. Everest is the

highest mountain in the world, it’s in the Himalayas.

Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world, is in the Himalayas.

Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world, in the Himalayas.

Finish the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, beginning with the given

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