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Passage 1: Researchusing twins
Questions 1-4: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
Please note that the answer given at the end of the book for Question 9 is INCORRECT. The correct answer is B Thomas Bouchard.
Paragraph 1: To biomedical researchers.
Paragraph 2: Alternatively, by comparing.
Paragraph 3: These two lines.
Paragraph 4: The idea of using.
Paragraph 5: Bouchard and his colleagues.
Paragraph 6: Lately, however.
Paragraph 7: Epigenetic processes.
Paragraph 8: If you think of our DNA.
Paragraph 9: One way the study.
Paragraph 10: Geneticist Danielle Reed.
Paragraph 11: Reed credits.
Paragraph 12: Having said that.
1. There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.
Keywords: genetic causes, differences, young skin, identical twins
In the first paragraph, the writer argues that Any differences between them [identical twins] onetwin having younger looking skin, for example must be due to environmental factors such as less timespent in the sun. So, there are no genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identicaltwins looks, only environmental factors.
=>ANSWER: FALSE
2. Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.
Keywords: greater risk, illnesses
In terms of the risk of developing certain illnesses, the writer only compares identical twins withfraternal twins [at the end of paragraph 2], he does not make a comparison between twins and non-twins.So, the statement is not given.
illnesses=ailments
=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
3. Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.
Keywords: Bouchard, advertised, newspapers, separated
In this passage, the writer does not mention whether Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins whohad been separated at birth or not. In paragraph 4, we are only told that 137 sets of twins visited hislaboratory. Therefore, the statement is not given.
=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
4. Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes
Keywords: Epigenetic processes, genetic, environmental
In paragraph 6, the writer states that .nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work.According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some casesserves as a bridge between the environment and our genes.
genetic and environmental processes~nature and nurture
=>ANSWER: TRUE
Questions 5-9: Look at the following statements [Questions5-9] and the list of researchers below.
5. invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics.
Keywords: term, distinguish, characteristics
In paragraph 4, the writer explains that The idea of using twins to measure the influence of hereditydates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach [and coined thephrase nature and nurture]
invented=coined
=>ANSWER: A
6. expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge
Keywords: study of epigenetics, increase our knowledge
In paragraph 12, the geneticist Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take ourunderstanding even further.
study of epigenetics=work in epigenetics
increase our knowledge~take our understanding even further
=>ANSWER: C
7. developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences.
Keywords: mathematical method, measuring
In paragraph 5, the writer says that Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data toidentify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statisticalconcept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among embers of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics.
mathematical method=statistical concept
=>ANSWER: B
8. pioneered research into genetics using twins
Keywords: pioneered, twins
In paragraph 4, the writer indicates that The idea of using twins to measure the influence ofheredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach [andcoined the phrase nature and nurture].
pioneered=first suggested
=>ANSWER: A
9. carried out research into twins who had lived apart.
Keywords: research, lived apart
In paragraph 4, the writer says that twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with thearrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over twodecades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchards lab.
lived apart= been separated at birth
=>ANSWER: B
Questions 10-13: Complete the summary using the list of words,A-F, below.
10-11. In epigenetic processes, 10..influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11.. The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may show problems in its 13
Keywords: influence, genes, creating internal
In paragraph 7, the writer says that Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neithernature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a third component. These reactionsinfluence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on of off, to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies
the activity of our genes ~ how our genetic code is expressed
organs ~ brains and all other parts of our bodies
create=build
=>ANSWER: 10. D [chemicals] 11. B [organs]
12. The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our
Keywords: uncovering a way, genes affected by
In paragraph 9, the writer says that One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing ourunderstanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts ourgenes.
uncover=reveal
affect=impact
=>ANSWER: E [environment]
13. One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may show problems in its
Keywords: pregnant, new-born rat, problems
In paragraph 9, the writer says that Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a ratexperiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioralproblems as the rodent grows up.
suffers=experiences
=>ANSWER: F [behaviour]
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 11 TEST 4 PASSAGE 1 KEYWORDS TABLE
Passage 2: AnIntroduction to Film Sound
Questions 14-18: Choose the correct letter,A, B, C or D
Paragraph 1: Though we might think.
Paragraph 2: Let us start.
Paragraph 3: When voice textures fit.
Paragraph 4: The comedy Bringing up Baby.
Paragraph 5: Synchronous sound effects.
Paragraph 6: Asynchronous sound effects.
Paragraph 7: We are probably all.
Paragraph 8: Background music.
Paragraph 9: Film sound.
14. In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that
In this paragraph, the writer explains that Though we might think of film as an essentially visualexperience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. Then, the writer detailshow important film sound is. So, he makes a point that it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.
underestimate=overlook
=>ANSWER: B
15. One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify
Keywords: Humphrey Bogart, exemplify
In the second paragraph, the writer argues that As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tellthe story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization theaudience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem tomerge. This means that Humphrey Bogart is mentioned to exemplify the importance of the actor and thecharacter appearing to have similar personalities.
appearing to have similar personalities~film personality and life personality seem to merge
=>ANSWER: A
16. In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that
In this paragraph, the writer says that It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used varieswidely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue wasevident, and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the inadequacyhuman responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visualbeauties of the universe. This means that the banal
dull=banal
=>ANSWER: B
17. What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?
In paragraph 4, the writer argues that The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presentspractically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only thedizzy quality of the character Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor. This means that the dialogue in this film emphasises key elements of the film.
key elements ~ the absurdity of the humor of the film
=>ANSWER: D
18. The writer refers to the click of a door to make the point that realistic sounds
Keywords: click, door, realistic sounds
In paragraph 5, the writer argues that Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and alsohelp to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the click of a door being opened may simply serveto convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the click of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as aburglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the click with an increase in volume; this helps to engagethe audience in a moment of suspense. This means that realistic sounds may be modified to engage the audience in a particular atmosphere or to convince them that something is really happening.
=>ANSWER: C
Questions 19-23: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
19. Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.
Keywords: surprised, lacks background music
In paragraph 7, the writer says that We are probably all familiar with background music in films,which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.
=>ANSWER: TRUE
20. Background music may anticipate a development in a film.
Keywords: background, anticipate, development
In paragraph 7, the writer argues that In addition, background music often foreshadows a change inmood. For example, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching [but not yet visible]menace or disaster.
anticipate=foreshadow
=>ANSWER: TRUE
21. Background music has more effect on some people than on others.
Keywords: background, more effect
Background music is referred to in paragraphs 7 and 8, and its effects are discussed, but not in terms ofcomparing some people with others. So, the statement is not given.
=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
22. Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film
Keywords: connections, within, film
In paragraph 8, the writer indicates that Background music may aid viewer understanding by linkingscenes.
help=aid
audience=viewer
make connections within a film ~ linking scenes
=>ANSWER: TRUE
23. Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them
Keywords: audiences, aware, background, affecting
In the last paragraph, the writer says that The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often arenoted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as filmspace so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century the modern film. This means that audiences have not been aware/have not been conscious of how background music isaffecting them. Therefore, the writer adds, audiences should be made aware of the effect of backgroundmusic.
=> FALSE
Questions 24-26: Complete each sentence with the correct letter below.
24. The audiences response to different parts of a film can be controlled
Keywords: response, different parts, controlled
In paragraph 1, the writer states that The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: thehuman voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to producethe necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. So, the reaction of the audience can be influenced if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.
combined appropriately~mixed and balanced.
=>ANSWER: C
25. The feelings and motivations of characters become clear
Keywords: feelings, motivations, clear
In paragraph 2, the writer says that: dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings andmotivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or nodifference between the character and the actor. Thus, the dialogue makes the character and the actor seem to be the same person, and so the audience have no difficulty in understanding the feelings and motivationsof the characters in films.
=>ANSWER: A
26. A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor
Keywords: real person, actor
In paragraph 3, the writer says that When voice textures fit the performers physiognomy andgestures, a whole and very realistic person emerges. This means that a character seems to be a real personrather than an actor when the audience listens to the voice, looks at the appearance of the character and watches how he/she moves.
actor=performer
appearance=physiognomy
moves=gestures
consistent with=fit
=>ANSWER: E
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 11 TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 KEYWORDS TABLE
Passage 3 : This MarvellousInvention
Questions 27-32: Reading Passage has six paragraphs,A-F.
27. Paragraph A
In paragraph A, the writer emphasizes the importance of the invention of language compared to otherinventions. Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of placeCompared tolanguage, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. So, the correct heading for this paragraph is why language is the mostimportant invention of all.
language is the most important invention~language must take pride of place
=>ANSWER: vi
28. Paragraph B
In this paragraph, the writer says that In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yetbased on an idea of ingenious simplicity. Then, at the end of this passage, the writer concludes thatLanguage is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. So, this paragraphis all about incompatible characteristics of language.
incompatible characteristics=paradox
=>ANSWER: iv
29. Paragraph C
In this paragraph, the writer refers to barely three dozen measly morsels of sound. In themselves,these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, sh, a, e and so on amount to nothing [] But runthem through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very specialorders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing theinterminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. This means that ifthese sounds are organised, they can convey a huge range of meaning.
organised ~let it arrange them in some very special orders
=>ANSWER: ii
30. Paragraph D
In this paragraph, the writer states that The language machine allows just about everybody [] to tiethese meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without theslightest exertion. So, the correct heading of this paragraph is the universal ability to use language.
universal=just about everybody
=>ANSWER: vii
31. Paragraph E
In this paragraph, the writer says that Often, it is the only estrangement of foreign tongues, withtheir many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. Then thewriter takes an example of a Turkish word of breath-breaking length which English takes a whole sentence to say. So, the correct heading of this paragraph is differences between languages highlight theirimpressiveness.
=>ANSWER: i
32. Paragraph F
In this paragraph, the writer discusses Sumerian, which was the language spoken on the banks of theEuphrates some 5,000 years ago. But the most important point he makes in this paragraph is even theabsence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specificfunction. So, the correct heading of this paragraph is even silence can be meaningful.
silence=absence of a sound
=>ANSWER: v
Questions 33-36: Complete the summary using the list of words,A-G, below.
33-36 The importance of language
The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33..aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34..as that of language. Language is very 35.., yet composed of just a small number of sounds.Language appears to be 36..to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.
33-34. The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33..aspects of life, but no impact hasbeen as 34..as that of language.
Keywords: wheel, invention, impact, aspects
In the first paragraph, the writer states that Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human.Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. This means that the wheel has had a major impact onmaterial aspects of life, but no impact has been as important [fundamental] as that of language, becauseevery other invention owes its origin to language language is fundamental.
had a major impact on=transformed
aspects of life=existence
=>ANSWER: 33. E [material] 34. G [fundamental]
35. Language is very 35.., yet composed of just a small number of sounds.
In paragraph B, the writer argues that In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yetbased on an idea of ingenious simplicity. He refers to it as: this marvellous invention of composing out oftwenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions. This means that language is very sophisticated, or complex.
a small number~twenty-five or thirty
complex~an infinite variety of expressions
=>ANSWER: B [complex]
36. Language appears to be 36..to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.
Keywords: appears, sophistication, overlooked
In paragraph D, the writer claims that The most extraordinary thing about language is that onedoesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody[] to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. This means that language appears to be easy to use.
=>ANSWER: F [easy]
Questions 37-40: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
37. Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.
Keywords: present position, without language
In the first paragraph, the writer argues that Without language, we could never have embarked onour ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. So, the statementis false.
=>ANSWER: NO
38. The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.
Keywords: Port-Royal grammarians, justice
In paragraph B, the writer says that This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of thePort-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated moreeloquently the magnitude of its achievement. By summarising in beautiful words what language has enabled us to achieve, these grammarians did justice to its importance. So, the statement is true.
nature=essence
=>ANSWER: YES
39. A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.
Keywords: complex idea, clearly, sentence
In this passage, the writer does not mention whether a complex idea can be explained more clearly in asentence than in a single word. Sentences are mentioned in paragraph E, but only to note that one word inTurkish requires a whole sentence in English to explain it. So, the statement is not given.
=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
40. The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.
Keywords: Sumerians, recording events
In paragraph F, the writer says that And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then considerSumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people whoinvented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. So, the statement is true.
recording of events=documentation of history
=>ANSWER: YES
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