NGỮ PHÁP CHUYÊN SÂU BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI TIẾNG ANH
Tài liệu không trình bày lại kiến thức cơ bản mà tập trung vào việc nêu lên các phần kiến thức nâng cao và BT ứng dụng liên quan tới 20 chuyên đề chính, tập trung nhiều vào các vấn đề hay và khó thường gặp trong các đề thi. Các câu hỏi hay và khó đều có đáp án, giải thích chi tiết và đặc biệt là có ghi chú nguồn gốc của tài liệu tham khảo của mỗi câu ở phần đáp án.
CD1: Modal Verbs
CD2: Reducing a clause
CD3: Passive Voice
CD4: Subjunctives and Unreal Tenses
CD5: Clauses of Concession and Reason
CD6: Tenses
CD7: Conditions
CD8: Comparisons
CD9: Styles
CD10: Noun Clauses
CD11 : V.ing/ Infinitives
CD12: Paired Conjunctions
CD13: Relative Clauses
CD14: Inversions
CD15: So … that/ Such … that
CD16: Cleft Sentences
CD17: Phrasal Verbs
CD18: Idioms
CD19: Reported Speech
CD20: Others
6 Quà tặng miễn phí kèm theo:
50 đề thi HSG lớp 9
Tuyển tập đề thi HSG lớp 10
60 Đề thi HSG lớp 11
50 Đề thi HSG lớp 12
120 Đề Ôn thi THPT Quốc gia
Bộ sưu tập các cụm động từ và thành ngữ hay gặp trong các đề thi
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: MODAL VERBS
I. Some Common Modal Verbs
1. Must/ Have to
- Must: phải => diễn tả sự cần thiết, bắt buộc [mang tính cá nhân]; chắc hản => diễn tả sự suy luận logic ở ht
E.g. - She’s a really nice person. You must meet her. [= I say this is necessary]
Cô ấy là một người thật sự tốt. Anh phải gặp cô ấy. [= tôi nói điều đó là cần thiết]
- I haven’t phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight.
Đã lâu rồi tôi không gọi điện thoại cho Ann. Tôi phải gọi cho cô ấy tối nay.
- You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
Chắc hẳn bạn phải lo lắng lắm vì cô ấy về nhà trễ thế này.
- The grass is wet. It must be raining.
- You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day.
[Opposite: - You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.]
- Have to: phải => diễn tả sự bắt buộc không mang tính chất cá nhân, thường nói về quy định, luật lệ, hoàn cảnh khách quan. Have to không phải là trợ động từ nhưng có nghĩa giống như trợ động từ Must.
E.g. - You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. [because of the traffic system]
Anh không thể rẽ phải ở đây. Anh phải rẽ trái. [do luật giao thông]
- My eye sight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
Thị lực của tôi không được tốt. Tôi phải đeo kính để đọc sách. [do hoàn cảnh thực tế]
- George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.
George không thể đi với chúng ta tối nay. Anh ấy phải làm việc.
- Mustn’t và don’t have to là hoàn toàn khác nhau.
+ Mustn’t do St: không được [phép] làm gì
E.g. - You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. [=don’t tell anyone]
Bạn phải giữ điều đó bí mật nhé. Bạn không được nói với bất cứ ai.
+ Don’t have to do St: không cần thiết phải làm điều đó [nhưng có thể làm nếu bạn muốn].
E.g. - You can tell me if you want but you don’t have to tell me [= you don’t need to tell me]
Bạn có thể kể với tôi nếu bạn muốn nhưng bạn không bắt buộc phải nói với tôi. [= bạn không cần phải nói với tôi]
I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.
Sáng mai tôi không làm việc, vì vậy tôi không phải dậy sớm.
2. Need [cần]
- Need: được sử dụng như một động từ thường
+ Need to do St: nếu chủ ngữ là một vật thể sống => cần phải …
E.g. - He will need to drive home alone tonight.
- John needs to paint his house.
+ Need doing St/ Need to be done: nếu chủ ngữ không phải là vật thể sống
[= Want/Require + V.ing => nhưng ít dùng]
E.g. - The grass needs cutting. [= The grass needs to be cut.]
- The television needs repairing. [The television needs to be repaired.]
- Your essays need rewriting. [Your essays need to be rewritten.]
- Need: được sử dụng như một trợ động từ trong thể phủ định, nghi vấn ở thời hiện tại [không có s ở ngôi 3 số ít]
E.g. - We needn’t reserve seats – There will be plenty of rooms.
- Needn’t là hình thức phủ định của Must [vì Mustn’t có nghĩa là không được phép]
E.g. You needn’t apply for a visa to visit France if you hold a EU passport, but if you are not an EU citizen, you mustn’t unless you have a visa.
3. Can: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của con người, gợi ý, …
E.g. - I can swim.
- Can I help you?
4. Could: Có thể [chỉ khả năng của con người trong quá khứ, hỏi đường, yêu cầu lịch sự …]
E.g. - When I was young, I could swim very well.
- Could you tell me the way to the nearest post office, please?
- Could you close the windows, please?
5. May: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, xin phép, cho phép, …
E.g. - May I go out?
- China may become a major economic power.
[TQ có thể trở thành một cường quốc về kinh tế.]
6. Might: Có thể => chỉ khả năng của sự việc, …
E.g. - We had better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
7. Should/Ought to/ Had better/ Be[ht] supposed to: nên => chỉ sự khuyên bảo …
E.g. - I think we should check everything again.
*. Should: ngoài ra should còn dùng để diễn tả điều gì đó ở hiện tại không như mong đợi.
E.g. - The price on this packet is wrong. It says 65 cents but It should be 50.
[giá ghi trên gói hàng này không đúng Nó ghi 65 xu nhưng đáng lẽ chỉ là 50 xu thôi].
- The train should be here now. [Đáng lẽ giờ này tàu phải đến đây rồi.]
*. If… should: nếu mà … => ít chắc chắn
E.g. - If you should see Tom this evening, can you tell him to phone me? [Nếu tối nay gặp bạn Tom, bạn có thể bảo anh ta gọi điện thoại cho tôi được không?]. Câu này cũng tương tự như câu “If you see Tom “[Nếu bạn gặp Tom] [không có should]. Với should người nói ít chắc chắn [less certain] hơn:
- If it should rain, can you bring in the washing from the garden? [Nếu trời mưa, đem đồ đang phơi ngoài vườn vào nhé?]
8. May as well/Might as well: Thôi thì …: Diễn tả một việc gì đó nên làm vì không còn gì khác tốt hơn thế
E.g. - You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk. [Bạn phải đợi một tiếng mới có chuyến xe buýt kế tiếp, thôi thì bạn đi bộ cho rồi]. - We may as well go to the party. We’re nothing else to do.
[Thôi thì chúng ta đi dự tiệc vậy. Chúng ta không còn việc gì khác để làm cả].
- ‘’Shall we have dinner now?’’ ‘’We might as well’’.
[Chúng ta sẽ ăn tối bây giờ chứ? ‘’Cũng được thôi’’]
9. Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời hoặc mong muốn
E.g. - Would you like to dance with me?
- I would like to visit Thailand.
II. Modal Verbs in the Past
1. Must have + V[p2]: chắc chắn là đã, chắc hẳn là đã, chắc chắn phải => suy luận về quá khứ mà người nói biết chắc chắn 100%.
E.g. - It must have rained heavily last night. Everything is wet.
- Hoa should have arrived by now, she must have missed the bus.
- Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
- I didn’t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.
2. Should[n’t]/Ought[n’t] to + have + V[p2]: Lẽ ra [không] nên => Diễn tả điều gì đó nên làm trong qk nhưng đã không làm => thường thể hiện sự núi tiếc, ân hận của người nói
E.g. - He failed his exams. He should have studied harder.
- You oughtn’t have bought a second-hand car. It cost you a lot of money to have it repaired.
3. Can’t + have + V[p2]: Chắc chắn không thể … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không thể xảy ra vì người nói biết chắc chắn.
E.g. - It can’t have been John you saw yesterday. He came to Paris last week.
4. Couldn’t + have + V[p2]: Lẽ ra có/không thể … => Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc trong quá khứ nhưng không thực hiện được, hoặc sự việc có thể đã xảy ra trong qk nhưng người nói không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - David could have won the race if he had tried. [Lẽ ra David có thể thắng cuộc …]
- It could have been Sue, I suppose. [Đó có thể là Sue, tôi nghĩ thế =>không chắc chắn]
- Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara. [= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't]
[Tại sao bạn lại ở khách sạn khi bạn đến New York? Bạn có thể ở với Barbara cơ mà. [=bạn đã có cơ hội ở với cô ấy nhưng bạn không thực hiện]
- Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He’s lucky - he could have hurt himself badly. [but he didn't hurt himself]
[Ngày hôm qua Jack đã ngã xuống từ một cái thang nhưng anh ấy không hề gì. Anh ấy thật may mắn - anh ấy lẽ ra đã bị thương rất nặng. [nhưng anh ấy đã không bị thương gì hết]
- The situation was bad but it could have been worse. Tình hình là xấu nhưng nó đã có thể tồi tệ hơn nhiều.
- The cause of death could have been bacteria.
5. May/Might + have + V[p2]: Có thể đã …:Diễn tả khả năng của sự việc trong quá khứ nhưng không chắc chắn lắm.
E.g. - It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure.
- I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might heave been sleeping at that time. [compare past continuous]
- Ben might have gone to the movies yesterday.
6. Needn’t + have + V[p2]: lẽ ra không cần … => Diễn tả điều gì đó không cần phải làm trong quá khứ nhưng đã làm vì không biết trước. Bây giờ mới biết là điều đó không cần thiết.
E.g. - It didn’t rain. He needn’t have brought the umbrella. [He brought it. He didn’t know whether it rained or not.]
*. Needn’t have done St [lẽ ra không cần phải: vì không biết trước nên đã thực hiện] and Didn’t need to do St [không cần thiết phải: biết trước sự việc ngay từ đầu và đã không thực hiện…]
E.g. - I didn’t get up early, so I didn’t.
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank.
=> You’d ___________________
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you ___________________
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her.
=> “Would you like ___________________”
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. [has]
=> The motor in this machine ___________________ once a week.
5. I’d like to invite you to luch.
=> Will you ___________________ ?
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport.
=> Louise may ___________________
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need ___________________
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may ___________________
9. He is very likely to come. [probability]
=> ______________________________________________________________________
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
=> Next Sunday ___________________ with us.
11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ___________________ in the museum.
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it ___________________ do any work.
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ___________________ be a member of the club.
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She ___________________ about the trip.
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were ___________________
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ___________________ until he was in his twenties.
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may
=> He may be working late.
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must
=> ‘You to ___________________ bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You __________________________ a suit for the interview.
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT
=> You ___________________ a doctor.
21. Could you speak English when you were younger? ABLE
=> When you were younger, ___________________ speak English?
22. I think it’s time the children went to bed now. HAD
=> I think the children ___________________ to bed now.
23. I am sure Maria finds reading interesting because she has lots of books. MUST
=> Maria ___________________ reading because she has lots of books.
24.Do you happen to know the time of the next train to London? COULD
=> I wonder ___________________ me the time of the next train to London?
25. I think Roman needs to see a doctor. His cough is terrible. ought
=> With that terrible cough, Roman ___________________ a doctor.
26."Why don't you take a day off?" asked Magda. should
=> Magda suggested ___________________ a day off.
27. George knew how to ride a bicycle when he was five.
=> George was ________________
28. I wanted to go to the party, but it was snowing hard.
=> I couldn’t __________________
[Note: If it hadn’t been snowing hard, I could have gone to the party.]
29. If I were you, I wouldn’t tell anybody about the discovery.
=> You had ________________
30. Jerry had terrible problems with solving the riddle. [hardly]
=> Jerry could ___________
31. Isn’t it high time you greased the hinges? [need]
=> ___________________
32. You should take an umbrella with you. BETTER
=> You ___________________ an umbrella with you.
33. It’s forbidden to take pictures. [not]
=> You _______________________________ pictures.
34. It isn’t necessary to feed the cats. I’ve already fed them. [have]
=> You ________________________________________ the cats.
35. It’s prohibited to take pets into the museum. [not]
=> You ____________________________________ into the museum.
36. It isn’t necessary to change the sheets. I’ll do it tomorrow. [need]
=> You _____________________________________________ the sheets.
37. Students aren’t allowed to leave the dormitory after 11 p.m. [not]
=> Students ____________________________________ after 11 p.m.
38. Kindergarden students needn’t wear school uniforms. [have]
=> Kindergarden students ______________________________ school uniforms.
PRACTICE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST
1. I’m sure it was Tom who cleared everything up.
=> Tom must _____________________________________________________
2. I’m sure he didn’t know that his brother was seriously ill.
=> He couldn’t possibly _____________________________________________
3. It was careless of you to leave the windows open last night.
=> You should not _________________________________________________
4. I’m sure she didn’t do it on purpose.
=> She can’t ______________________________________________________
5. Diane was supposed to write to her parents last week. [ought]
=> Diane _________________________________________________________
6. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it.
=> Mathew might __________________________________________________
7. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
=> I could ________________________________________________________
8. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
=> They can’t _____________________________________________________
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf.
=> You needn’t ____________________________________________________
10. Jean’s boss was extremely kind to her.
=> Jean’s boss couldn’t ______________________________________________
11. Our worrying so much was a waste of time.
=> We needn’t _____________________________________________________
12. It is just not possible for the cat to have opened the fridge!
=> The cat ________________________________________________________
13. It would have been possible for Helen to give us a lift.
=> Helen _________________________________________________________
14. School uniform wasn’t compulsory at my school.
=> We ___________________________________________________________
15. His efforts to find a solution didn’t deserve such savage criticism.
=> He shouldn’t ___________________________________________________
16. Perhaps I didn't get a better job because I didn't study hard enough.
=> I might __________________________________________________
17. Martin needn’t have paid for all our tickets.
=> It ____________________________________________________________
18. It’s impossible for them to have found him in that jungle.
=> He ___________________________________________________________
19. It was wrong of you to scare your mother like that.
=> You oughtn’t ___________________________________________________
20. I’m afraid there may be something missing from your report. [OVERLOOKED]
=> ______________________________________________________________
21. I think it was a mistake to lend your car to Joe. [SHOULD]
=> I don’t think _______________________________________ your car to Joe.
22. It was impossible to predict all the problems that we faced when we built our own house. [PREDICTED]
=> Nobody could _________________ face so many problems when we built our own house.
23. You couldn’t have seen Mary in the park.
=> It _____________________________________________________
24. He must have spent a small fortune renovating that told house.
=> It must _________________________________________________
25. It’s possible that the building was burgled after midnight. may
=> The building ________________________________ after midnight.
26. It wasn’t necessary to meet me at the airport yesterday. needn’t
=> You _____________________________ me at the airport yesterday.
27. It was unkind of you to talk to her like that. not
=> You _______________________________________ to her like that.
28. Perhaps he hasn’t received the doctor’s results yet. may
=> He __________________________________ the doctor’s results yet.
29. It is likely that they have already left. may
=> They ________________________________________________ left.
30. I’m sure he took the cheque-book with him. must
=> He ________________________________ the cheque-book with him.
31. It’s possible that she didn’t understand what I had said. might
=> She _______________________________________ what I had said.
32. She is certain to have heard about it on the news. must
=> She ___________________________________ about it on the news.
33. You can’t vote unless you are over eighteen. must
=> You ______________________________________________to vote.
34. I doubt very much that you saw Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment. can’t
=> You ____________ Carla at the party as she’s in Scotland at the moment.
35. It was wrong of you to steal those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden. should
=> You ____________________________________ those apples from Mrs Brown’s garden.
36 The thief ran right past you so I’m sure you saw his face. Must
=> The thief ran right past you so ________________________ his face.
37. It’s possible that they didn’t get the message in time. might
=> They ___________________________________ the message in time.
38. I went to the office then remembered it was my day off. HAVE => I _____________________________ to the office as it was my day off.
39. Perhaps we missed the correct turning. MIGHT
=> We ______________________________________ the correct turning.
40. We got a table at the restaurant without a reservation. NEED
=> We _______________________________ book a table at the restaurant.
41. You were expected to answer all the questions on the exam paper. ANSWERED => You ____________________ all the questions on the examination paper.
42. I'm sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat. MUST
=> It _____________________ Ana I saw in town as I recognised her coat.
43. I positively know they haven't accepted the raise.
=> They can't _________________________________________________
44. Maybe John has not remembered about tonight’s party. COULD
=> I suppose John ____________________________ about tonight’s party.
45. We booked seats but it was not necessary because there was plenty of room. BOOKED
=> We ______________________ seats because there was plenty of room.
46. Marcin didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Marcin ___________________________________________ yesterday.
47. I took a jumper but it wasn't necessary. taken
=> I _________________________________________________ a jumper.
48. I'm sure he was at home last night. must
=> He_________________________________________ at home last night.
49. Maurice didn't come to the meeting yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. might
=> Maurice ___________________________________________ yesterday.
50.I took a sweater but it wasn't necessary. taken
=> I _________________________________________________ a sweater.